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Файл:Моделирование и конструирование элементов летательных аппаратов. Учебное пособие
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ɤ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɭɡɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ: ȼ
ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɟɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɪɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ
ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ, S
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɫɜɟɥɚɫɶ ɤ
ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɹɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ: ȼ
ɡɭɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɚ) ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɵ ɤɪɵɥɚ;
ɛ) ɧɚ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɵ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɛɨɥɬɨɦ;
ɜ) ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɵ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ;
ɝ) ɧɚ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɵ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɩɨɞ ɛɨɥɬɨɦ;
ɞ) ɧɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɬɚ.
ɋɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɢɥɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɟ ɤɪɵɥɚ
ɂɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɟ
ɇɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɵ ɤɪɵɥɚ
ɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ
, Sɮ, ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɤ
SDd
SDd
ɮ n ɛȼȼ
ɤɤ
Ɇȼ Ɋȼ Ɇɫ ȼ
ɩɤ ɩɤ ɤ ɤ
ɤ
ɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ
Ɋ
ɩ
VV
66 43
Ɇ
Ɇ DdȼɊDdȼ
ɩ n ɛɤ ɩ n ɛɤ
ɤ
ɤ n ɛȼȼ
ɮ
/0,7
WV
SDd
SDd
ɤ
ɊɆ ɫ ȼ
ɩɢɡɝ ɤ
ɤ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɩ
ȼȼ
0,715
ɤ n ɛ
ɮ n ɛ
0,715
.
Ɇ
ɩ
2Ʉɤɤ ɤɤ
, ȼɮ, D
ɤ
2
VW
2
VW
, ɢɦɟɟɦ
ɤ
ɮ
, ȼɮ, D
ɤ
43
ɤ
, ɇɦ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
, (2.97)
, (2.99)
. (2.100)
ɤ
, D
ɩ
ɤ
, ɇ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ɋ
ɩ
. (2.101)
ɮ
, D
, dɛ, Sɤ, Sɮ. ɑɟɬɵɪɟ
ɩ
ɩ
. (2.98)
ɮ
, dɛ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-
ɩ
. (2.102)
Ʉ
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɨɬ ɞɟɣ-
V
. (2.103)
71
Ʉ
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɟ
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
V
ɫɦ
Ʉɤ
2243
Ɋ d ȼɆ ɫ ȼd ȼ
V
ɫɦ ɩ ɛ ɤ ɢɡɝ ɤ ɛ ɤ
.
. (2.104)
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɵ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɢ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ ɩɨɞ ɛɨɥɬɨɦ
2
ɇ/ɦɦ
, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ʉɤ
243
Ɇɫ ȼDdȼ
V
ȼɢɡɝ ɤɩɛɤ
Ʉ
k Ɇɫ ȼd ȼ
V
ɫɦ ȼ ɢɡɝ ɤ ɛ ɤ
243
, (2.105)
, (2.106)
Ʉ
V
ȼ
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ ɩɨ
ɝɞɟ k
ɫɦ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ
(ɞɥɹ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ k
V
ȼ
= 2).
ɫɦ
ɮ
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪ-
V
ȼ
ɦɭɥɟ
ɮ
2223
V
k Ɇɫȼ ȼd ȼ
Ɇɫ ȼ ȼDd
ȼɤɮn ɛ
ɮ
V
ɫɦ ȼ ɤ ɮ ɛ ɮ
2223
, (2.107)
. (2.108)
ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɫɪɟɡ ɛɨɥɬɚ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɬɚ (ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ȼ,
Ⱥ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.43). Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɛɨɥɬɚ
ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ȼ
max
, ɇɦ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ɇ
ȼ
max
Ɇ
ȼ
,
ȼȼ
/3
§·
ɤɮ
¨¸
ɫȼ
4/3
¨¸
Ɇ
¨¸
ɢɡɝ
§·
¨¸
¨¸
¨¸
¨¸
¨¸
32 2/3
©¹
©¹
32 2/3
ɤ
12
ɫȼ ȼ
ɤɮ
2
ɫȼ ȼ
ɤɮ
ɫȼ ɫȼ
34/3 4/3
. (2.109)
ɫȼ ȼ
22/3
ȼ
1
ɮ
ɤɤ
ɤɮ
ɇɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɛɨɥɬɚ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ȼ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (k
B
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
V
max
ɩɥ
= 2)
B
V
max
max 3
Ɇ dk
0,1
ȼɛɩɥ
. (2.110)
72
73
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.43 – Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɭɲɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɚɦɢ
A
Ʉɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ Ⱥ-Ⱥ
ɦɭɥɟ
A Ʉ
Ɋ F Ɇɫ ȼ d
WS
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɬɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɚɫɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɬɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (2.105)–(2.108) ɢ (2.112) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. ɂɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2.111) ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɛɨɥɬɚ
d
ɛ
Dd Ɇɫ ȼȼ dk
n ɛɢɡɝ ɤɤȼɛɫɦ
max
ɩɛ ɢɡɝ ɤ ɛ
Ȼ
0,7 4 4 3
, ɦɦ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
d Ɇɫ ȼȼk
ɛɢɡɝ ɤɤɫɦȼ
K Ʉ
243 1
Ɇɫ ȼd
VS
ȼɢɡɝ ɤ ɛ
243
ȼ
ɮ
43 4
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪ-
W
max
2
V
V
. (2.111)
Ȼ
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɩɨ
0,7
V
ȼ
2
. (2.112)
Ʉ
, (2.113)
, (2.114)
2242/3
ɫȼdk ɫȼdk dk Ɇ
ɫɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɛɨɥɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɬɶ.
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɤɛɫɦ ȼ ɤ ɛɫɦ ȼ ɛɫɦ ɜ ɢɡɝ
ȿɫɥɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɮɸɡɟɥɹɠɚ
ɂɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ (2.113) ɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ (2.114) ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ȼ
ɮɮɮ
VVV
22/3
dk
ɛɫɦ ȼ
ɮɮ
Dd Ɇɫȼ ȼȼ
n ɛɢɡɝ ɤ ɮɮȼ
2223
V
74
ɮ
V
. (2.116)
. (2.115)
ɮ
, ɦɦ, ɩɨ
D
n
, ɦɦ, ɩɨ
ɤ
4/3 0,7
ɫȼȼ Ɇk
2
ɤɤ ɜ ɢɡɝ ɫɦɜ
Ȼɤ
SV V
2
. (2.117)
Ɋɟɲɚɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ȼ
, ɦɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ
ɤ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ
ɯɯ fx f x
10 0 0
/
, (2.118)
– ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ f(x) = 0; ɯ0 – ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ
ɝɞɟ ɯ
1
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɹ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ
ɤ
ȼɆ ɫ
Ʉɢɡɝ ȼ
0
2
V
. (2.119)
ɍɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
, ɦɦ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ȼ
()Ʉɩɥ
ɛ
Ɇ
SV
ȼɢɡɝ
2
Ʉ
k
V
ɫɦ ȼ
2
. (2.120)
ȼȼ
() ()
Ʉɩɥ Ʉɩ
0,7
4/3
ɫȼȼ
Ʉɩ Ʉɩ
24
2
() ()
ɫȼ ȼ
Ʉɩ Ʉɩ
() ()
ɋɢɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɵɤɨɜɵɦ ɛɨɥɬɨɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɬɹɠɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɦɵɦɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ n-ɛɨɥɬɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚɦɢ 2.44, 2.45.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.44 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ n-ɛɨɥɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
75
ɚ – n = 4
2 – n = 3
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.45 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ n-ɛɨɥɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɭɡɥɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧ ɢ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɦɚɫɫɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɛɨɥɬɚ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɅȺ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤ
, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.46, ɚ.
ɚ – ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.46, ɥɢɫɬ 1 – ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɭɲɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɚɦɢ
76
ɚɪ.
ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬ
Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ
ɨɛɲɢɜɤɢ
ɤɪɵɥɚ
, ɦɦ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ
ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɚɹ
ɫɢɥɚ
ɧɚ
,
ɇ
10
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ
ɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ,
°ɋ
1 2 3 4 5
1
5
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ,
ɫɜɚɪɤɚ
0,8
0,9
60
120
150
150
6
9
Al
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ,
Ɍɉ-ɥɢɬɶɟ
1,2
1,2
135
180
180
180
ɛ – ɛɟɡ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.46, ɥɢɫɬ 2 – ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɭɲɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɚɦɢ
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɬɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.46, ɛ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɵɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ
ɫɬɵɤɚ.
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɲɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɫ
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɭɲɢɧɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ Ⱥ–Ⱥ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.7 ɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.47.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.7
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ʋ
ɜ
ɈɄɌɊ
ɤɪɵɥɚ
G
ɨɛ
ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶ ɍ
-2
ɬ
ɤ
2
3
4
7
8
ɥɢɫɬ ɢ
Ɍɉ-
ɥɢɫɬ ɢ
Al
0,8
0,9
0,9
1,2
1,2
75
90
105
150
165
150
150
150
180
180
77
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2.7
1 2 3 4 5
10
14
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ,
ɫɜɚɪɤɚ
1
1
65
125
350
350
15
18
ɥɢɬɶɟ
1,3
1,3
140
185
370
370
11
12
13
16
17
Ti
ɥɢɫɬ ɢ
Ɍɉ-
Ti
cgkfd,
Ɍɉ-
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.47 – Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɪɵɥɚ
ɫ ɥɭɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ
1
1
1
1,3
1,3
80
95
110
155
170
350
350
350
370
370
2.5.2.2. Ɏɥɚɧɰɟɜɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɭɡɥɚ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɮɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɤ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.48.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɟ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɭɲɤɚɯ ɮɥɚɧɰɚ ɤɪɵɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ
ɮɥɚɧɰɚ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ
ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɢ ɮɥɚɧɰɚ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ
(ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɡɥɚ ɜ ɧɚɛɟɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ).
ɧɚ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
78
79
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.48 – Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɮɥɚɧɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɭɡɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɚ
ɮɥɚɧɰɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɟɛɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɝɢɛɧɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɵ. Ɉɞɧɨ
ɢɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɮɥɚɧɰɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɲɩɢɥɶɤɨɣ ɩɪɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɟɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ Q, ɜɬɨɪɨɟ – ɫ ɡɚɡɨɪɨɦ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɝɚɣɤɢ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɞɜɭɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ ɲɩɢɥɶɤɢ, ɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɣ ɡɚɡɨɪ
ɩɨɞ ɤɥɸɱ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɝɚɣɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɞɜɭɦ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɚɦ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɹɦɢ ɲɩɢɥɟɤ ɇ
, ɦɦ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ
ɲ
ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
ɇɫd
24
ɲɲ
. (2.121)
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɲɜɭ ɮɥɚɧɰɚ,
ɮ
, ɇɦ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Ɇ
ɢɡɝ
ɮ
ɆɊd Ɇ d ɫ d
ɢɡɝ ɲ ɲ ɢɡɝ ɲ ɲ
2224
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɮɥɚɧɰɚ
ɝɞɟ Wɮɥ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɝɢɛɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɮɥɚɧɰɚ, ɦ
Ʉ
Ɇ Wd ɫ dQBh
V
ȼɢɡɝɮɥɲ ɲ n ɮ
3
.
Ʉ
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
V
ȼ
224
. (2.122)
, (2.123)
ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɟɡɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Q ɫ ɮɥɚɧɰɚ ɧɚ
ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɵɜ, ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɫɪɟɡ, ɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɲɩɢɥɶɤɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɵɜ ɢ ɢɡɝɢɛ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ Q ɧɚ ɲɩɢɥɶɤɭ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ
ɢ ɜ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɭ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɥɟɱɨ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɫɢɥɵ Q ɞɥɹ ɲɩɢɥɶɤɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɨ 1/3h
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɲɩɢɥɶɤɢ
ɒ
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪ-
V
ȼ
.
ɮ
ɦɭɥɟ
ɒ
V
ɆɇFQhW
ȼɢɡɝɲɲ ɮɲ
3
, (2.124)
ɝɞɟ Wɲ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɝɢɛɭ, ɦɦ3, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
0,1 2
Fɲ – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɩɢɥɶɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦɭ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ,
2
ɦɦ
, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Wdɪ '
Fdɪ
ɲɲ
ɲɲ
42
S
'
3
; (2.125)
2
, (2.126)
ɝɞɟ ɪ' – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɜɢɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɶɛɵ.
80
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