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ɝ – ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.4, ɥɢɫɬ 2
ɗɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɬ. ɤ. ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɶ-
ɡɭɹɫɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɩɨɹɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ
ɧ
, ɇ, ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ
Ɋ
ɩ
ɜ
, ɇ, ɩɨɹ-
Ɋ
ɩ
ɫɨɜ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
,,
ɧɜ ɧɜ
ɊɆhN
ɩɢɡɝɫɬɪ
.
, (2.17)
ɝɞɟ h
– ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ (ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ
ɫɬɪ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ, ɦɦ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.4, ɝ).
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.17) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ
ɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ
,ɧɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶ-
N
,ɧɜ
, ɇ, ɩɨɪɨɜɧɭ
N
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɹɫɚɦɢ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
,2ɧɜ
NN
. (2.18)
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ
,ɜɧ
, ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
F
ɩ
,.
ɜɧ ɜɧ
F Ɇ khN k
ɩ ɢɡɝ ɫɬɪ ɭɫɬ ȼ
.. .
V
, (2.19)
ɝɞɟ k
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸ-
ɫɬɪ
ɳɢɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɟɣ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
h, ɪɚɜɧɨ 0,9 – ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ, ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ
0,95 – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ (ɭɝɨɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɜɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ); k
– ɤɨɷɮɮɢ-
ɭɫɬ
ɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨ 0,9 – ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ, ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ 0,8 – ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ (ɭɝɨɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ
ɢɥɢ ɬɚɜɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ).
31
ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ ɅȺ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɚɡɨɜɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɞɜɢɧɭɬ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɨɛɜɨɞɚɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɤɢɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɢɥɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.5.
ɜ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.5 – ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ ɅȺ:
1 – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɨɛɜɨɞ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɅȺ; 2 – ɝɚɡɨɜɨɞ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ; 3 – ɤɢɥɶ;
4 – ɤɢɥɟɜɨɣ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬ
ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.15) ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ h.
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɜɨɞɚ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɹɫɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɨɛɜɨɞɭ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ h
, ɦɦ, ɜ i-ɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɱɢɫ-
i
ɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
hhFF
inin
max
, (2.20)
max
ɝɞɟ
FF
nni
– ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ
,
ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɫ h = const ɢ ɜ i-ɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ (
kV
), ɮɢɝɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (2.19). ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɪɚɫ-
ɭɫɬ ȼ
ɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɨɹɫ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɜɭɬɚɜɪɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.4 ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ, ɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɢ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ
32
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬ-
2
ɫɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ, ɨɩɟɪɬɚɹ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ,
ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.6.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.6 – Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɧɚ ɫɠɚɬɢɟ
Ʉɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɫɬɢɧɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
11
VV
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ
, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ k = 0,4.
2ab
ɤɪ ȼ
VG
B
Fb
nn
VG
ɗ nn
ɭɭɭ
ɭ
ɗ
kfab
2
0, 4 2
VV
k ȿ b
G
§·
ȿ F
¨¸
©¹
, (2.22)
ȼɗ
2
, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ
, (2.23)
. (2.24)
2
B
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɥɚ-
V
ɤɪ
2
, (2.21)
. (2.25)
33
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ
VV
, (2.26)
ɞɤɪ
B
2
Fb
VG
ɝɞɟ
ɞ nn
. (2.27)
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (2.26) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɤɨɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɡɧɚ-
G
ɩ
ɱɟɧɢɣ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.7, ɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
. ɉɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɢɜɵɯ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
G
ɩ
.
G
ɩ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.7 – Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (2.26) ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
, ɦɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ,
G
ɩ
ɱɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ), ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
min2B
Pb
GV
nn B
. (2.28)
ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɹɫ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɫ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɩɨ
1,5
ɨɬ ɲɜɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧ-
G
ɨɛ
ɤɨɦ 2.8.
ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɫ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɬɨ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɢ ɩɨ 1,5
ɜ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ
G
ɨɛ
ɩɨɹɫɚ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɹɫ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ
F
ɩ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ.
34
ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɩɨɹɫ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɤ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɟ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦ ɲɜɨɦ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ (2.26), ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.8.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.8 – Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ:
Ⱥ – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɹɫɨɦ
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɞɜɭɬɚɜɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɟ
ɝɞɟ
– ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɵ-
W
ɞ
ɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
– ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ
W
ɤɪ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
WW
ɤɪ ȼ
WW
Qk h
WG
11
ɭ
, (2.29)
ɞɤɪ
..ɞɫɬɪɫɬ
ɭɭɭ
WW
ȼɗ
; (2.30)
2
, (2.31)
. (2.32)
35
Ⱦɥɹ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
, ɇ/ɦɦ2, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
W
ɗ
ɝɞɟ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ h
4,85 3, 6kba
2
; b – ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ
k ȿ b
WG
, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.9.
ɫɬɪ
2
, (2.33)
.ɗɫɬ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.9 – Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɚɦɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɟɤ ɧɟɬ, ɬɨ k = 4,85. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.10.
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ, ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɨ ɨɩɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ. ȼ ɬɨ
ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɤ. ɞɜɟ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɭɸ ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ-
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (2.26).
G
ɫɬ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.10 – Ʉɨɪɨɛɱɚɬɨɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ
36
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɚ ɰɟɥɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲɚ ɜ
ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɩɪɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɤɟ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɠɟ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ ɜ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɨɹɫɚ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.11, ɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ – ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.11 – ɒɩɚɧɝɨɭɬ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɩɨɹɫɨɦ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɨɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.12.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.12 – ɒɩɚɧɝɨɭɬ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ
ɉɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ: ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɧɟ
ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɭɳɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɯ
ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ
'
1
ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɫ-
'
2
ɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ.
37
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ʋ
ɜɚɪ.
ȼɚɪ.
ɈɄɌɊ
Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ
ɨɛɲɢɜɤɢ
ɨɬɫɟɤɚ
ɦɦ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ
ɚɬɭɪɚ
ɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ,
°ɋ
D, ɦɦ
D, ɦɦ
D, ɦɦ
300
400
500
300
400
500
400
500
300
1
2
3
4
5
6
Al
ɥɢɫɬ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɮ.
Ɍɉ
ɫɜɚɪɤɚ
50
52
55
57
60
62
50
60
70
80
90
100
100
130
140
130
120
105
55
57
59
61
63
65
110
120
130
140
150
160
110
115
130
140
130
113
0,8
0,8
0,9
0,9
0,9
1
150
150
150
150
150
150
180
180
180
180
180
180
175
175
175
175
175
175
7
8
9
Al
ɥɢɫɬ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɮ.
Ɍɉ
ɥɢɬɶɟ
65
67
70
110
120
130
120
135
150
67
70
72
170
180
190
130
120
140
150
150
150
180
180
180
175
175
175
Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɯ
ɭɡɥɨɜ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɟɣ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɅȺ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ «+», ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.13 ɢ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.3.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.13 – ɇɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɲɩɚɧɝɨɭɬ ɨɬ ɲɚɪɧɢɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɅȺ ɫɯɟɦɵ «+»
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
Ɇ
(ɇ
ɢɡɝ
ɦ) 10
,
-2
Ɍ,
-2
ɇ
10
,
G
ɨɛ
ɤ
1
1
1
38
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.3
ɬɟɦɩɟɪ
Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2.3
ʋ
ɜɚɪ.
ȼɚɪ.
ɈɄɌɊ
Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ
ɨɛɲɢɜɤɢ
ɨɬɫɟɤɚ
ɦɦ
ɚɹ
ɚɬɭɪɚ
ɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ,
D, ɦɦ
D, ɦɦ
D, ɦɦ
300
400
500
300
400
500
400
500
300
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ti
ɥɢɫɬ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɮ.
Ɍɉ
ɫɜɚɪɤɚ
62
55
67
60
62
65
140
150
160
170
180
190
100
120
115
140
145
130
57
59
61
63
65
67
200
210
220
230
240
250
120
130
118
150
155
140
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
1,2
350
350
350
350
350
350
400
400
400
400
400
400
380
380
380
380
380
380
16
17
18
Ti
ɫɩɥɚɜ
Ɍɉ
ɥɢɬɶɟ
67
70
72
200
210
220
100
110
123
70
70
75
260
270
280
110
120
124
1,3
1,5
1,5
350
350
350
400
400
400
380
380
380
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧ
Ɇ
(ɇ
ɢɡɝ
ɦ) 10
,
-2
Ɍ,
-2
ɇ
10
ɬɟɦɩɟɪ
ɤ
°ɋ
,
G
ɨɛ
2.3. Ʌɨɧɠɟɪɨɧɵ ɤɪɵɥɚ
Ʌɨɧɠɟɪɨɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɫ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɧɚ ɥɨɧɠɟɪɨɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ
ɤɪɵɥɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɪɵɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ.
Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɞɥɹ
ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ
ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶ ɤɪɵɥɚ Y
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ
ɫɜɟɪɯɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ
ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ S
ɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ Q, ɇ, Ɇ
. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦ-
ɤ
, ɇɦ, Ɇɤɪ, ɇɦ, ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɯɨɪɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡɝ
, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ
2Ɇft
ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ i-i ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
Qi Y S S '
()i
ɤɤɤ
Ɇ YSS z ' '
ɢɡɝ ɤ ɤ ɤ i
()ii
39
2.14. Ɂɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤ
, (2.34)
, (2.35)
. Ɋɚɫ-
2
Ɇ YSS ɯ ' '
ɤɪ ɤ ɤ ɤ i
()ii
, (2.36)
ɝɞɟ
– ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.15;
ɤ
– ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
,
zx''
ii
i
S'
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟ-
ɤ
i
S'
ɧɢɹ i-i ɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɪɵɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɥɨɧɠɟɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɪɵɥɚ Ʌɐɀ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ Ʌɐɀ ɥɨɧɠɟɪɨɧɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ (
) ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ
1Ɇf1
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɯɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ, ɚ ɩɨ ɯɨɪɞɟ –
ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɢɞɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 0,25b ɨɬ ɧɨɫɤɚ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɞɚɜɥɟ-
i
ɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ
ɯɨɪɞɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ
S'
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 0,25 ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɯɨɪɞɵ, ɬ. ɟ.
ɤ
i
S'
, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɦ 2.14.
ɤ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2.14 – Ʉ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɞɥɹ
:
2Ɇ
f
1 – ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɨɬɫɟɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ; 2 – ɥɢɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ
(Ʌɐɀ) ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɫɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ i-i
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (2.34)–(2.36) ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɯɨɪɞɵ.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɨ ɥɨɧɠɟɪɨɧɚɦ, Q
, ɇ, ɥɨɧɠɟɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɩɪɢ-
i
ɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ
40
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