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Файл:Английский язык. Текстильные волокна. Материаловедение. Учебное пособие
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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное
учреждение высшего образования
«Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет промышленных
технологии и дизайна»
А. А. Вербин Л. М. Катан
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ТЕКСТИЛЬНЫЕ ВОЛОКНА.
МАТЕРИАЛОВЕДЕНИЕ
Утверждено Редакционно-издательским
советом университета в качестве
учебного пособия
Санкт-Петербург
2018
УДК 811.111:677.03(075.8)
В31
Вербин, А. А
Английский язык. Текстильные волокна. Материаловедение:
учеб. пособие/ А. А. Вербин, Л. М. Катан. – СПб.: ФГБОУВО
«СПбГУПТД», 2018. – 90 с.
ISBN 978-5-7937-1593-5
ISBN 978-5-7937-1593-5
УДК 811.111:677.03(075.8)
ББК 81.432.1:37.23я73
ФГБОУВО «СПбГУПТД», 2018
Вербин А. А., 2018
Катан Л. М., 2018
ББК 81.432.1:37.23я73
В31
кандидат филологически наук, доцент кафедры европейских языков
Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета
старший преподаватель Санкт-Петербургского государственного
университета промышленных технологий и дизайна А. О. Чахоян
Рецензенты:
А. В. Чахоян;
Учебное пособие содержит тексты по текстильному
материаловедению, текстильному производству. Сопутствующие
упражнения направлены на закрепление программного грамматического
материала, а также формирование у обучающихся соответствующей
коммуникативной компетенции. Некоторые из упражнений ориентируют
учащихся на самостоятельную поисковую деятельность, написание
аннотаций статей, подготовку докладов, презентаций, эссе.
Предназначено для бакалавров 2-го курса Института текстиля и
моды, обучающихся по направлению 29.04.01 «Технология изделий легкой
промышленности всех форм обучения.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Цель данного учебного издания состоит в формировании
коммуникативной компетентности у бакалавров третьего семестра
обучения в области владения иностранным языком (английский язык) по
темам «Текстильные волокна», «Текстильное производство»,
«Текстильные материалы и мода». Оно состоит из введения, основного
раздела, а также и разделов «Дополнительное чтение» и «Грамматическое
приложение», причем каждый из них имеет свое методическое
назначение. Основной раздел вводит программный грамматический,
лексический материал и соответствующие упражнения для тренировки и
закрепления вводимого материала. Раздел «Дополнительное чтение»
может быть использован для внеаудиторного чтения, а «Грамматическое
приложение» служит в качестве дополнительного материала для
повторения и закрепления программного материала по грамматике.
Каждый урок данного издания содержит текст, который
содержательно соответствует курсу «Текстильное материаловедение» и
вводит программную грамматическую тему и систему упражнений.
Упражнения делятся на две группы. Первая из них нацелена на
закрепление заявленного грамматического материала, а вторая имеет
целью стимулировать разговорные навыки учащихся. Некоторые из
уроков содержат также задания, которые можно назвать как проектная
работа. Она ориентирует учащихся на самостоятельную поисковую
деятельность, подготовку докладов и презентаций. В рамках этих заданий
учащиеся имеют возможность развивать навыки написания резюме,
аннотации, делового письма, эссе.
Данное учебное пособие основано на материалах, заимствованных
из аутентичных англоязычных источников и специализированной
литературы последних лет, а также интернет-сайтов. Все материалы
соответствуют ФГОС 3, поэтому издание будет способствовать развитию
необходимых профессиональных компетенций и навыков у учащихся в
чтении, говорении и письме.
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UNIT 1
fibre, yarn, textile, tension, man-made, vegetable,
animal, seed, mineral, fruit, bast, leaf
FIBRES
ПРИЧАСТИЕ I В ФУНКЦИИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ
Study carefully this pattern
The young gentleman standing there is our student.
Молодой человек, стоящий там, это наш студент.
The company building a new business center there is the biggest in our city.
Компания, строящая новый бизнес-центр там, самая большая в городе.
The building being constructed nearby will be a new cinema.
Здание, строящееся рядом, будет новым кинотеатром.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ II В ФУНКЦИИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ
Study carefully this pattern
The text included in the first term test is rather simple
Текст, включаемый в тест первого семестра, довольно простой.
The students involved in the work are my friends.
Студенты, вовлеченные в эту работу, мои друзья.
1. Identify Participle I and its function
1. The students studying the fibres under the microscope are from our group.
2. They are studying the physical structure of natural fibres.
3. Studying these fibres with such an old microscope is not a simple task.
4. They are taking notes of what they see and later they will use these notes
while preparing for the exam.
5. Those preparing the microscope for action are assistant professors.
6. They help our professor in carrying out the tests.
7. They are testing the accuracy of the measurements.
2. Identify Participle II and its function
1. The fibres are divided into natural and man-made.
2. Natural fibres are subdivided into vegetable, animal and
mineral ones.
3. Fibres produced from cellulose are called rayons.
4. Many natural fibres have been used from prehistoric times.
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5. The students performing the tests are from our group.
6. The fibers tested for strength were accepted as appropriate for our needs.
7. The students attending the lectures will be successful at the exams.
3. Translate the text paying attention to the participles I and II
FIBRES
A fibre may be defined as a unit of matter of hair-like dimensions whose
length is at least 200 times greater than its width. The principal use of fibres is
in the manufacture of textile yarns and ultimately textile fabrics.
Most textile fibres are slender, flexible, relatively strong beams that are
elastic, that is they stretch when put under tension and partially or completely
return to their original length when the tension is removed. Each fibre has its
own unique properties and no one fibre can satisfy all manufacturing or use
requirements.
Fibres are broadly classified as natural or man-made. Those included in the
group of natural fibres are of vegetable (cellulose base), animal (protein base)
or mineral (mineral base) origin. Examples of each class are cotton, flax, jute
(vegetable); wool and silk (animal); asbestos fibre (mineral).
Those belonging to the vegetable fibres can be divided into three classes:
1. seed and fruit hair fibres; 2. bast fibres; 3. leaf fibres. The first class of
vegetable fibres, as their name suggests, are found as hairs on the seeds or fruit
of certain plants. The commonest example of this class of fibres is cotton. Bast
fibres, also called soft fibres, are obtained from the stalks. Leaf fibres, also
called hard fibres, are recovered from leaf portions of some plants. They are
harder and have a larger diameter than bast fibres and are used mainly in
cordage. The most important leaf fibre is abaca (often called Manila hemp).
Animal fibres are those usually growing from the skin as a protective
covering of various animals. They differ in length, diameter and physical
structure with the source of their origin. The most important animal fibre is
wool which forms the fleecy coat of the domestic sheep. Other animal fibres are
derived from the hair or fur of camel, lama, rabbit etc. They are all used in
apparel.
Mineral fibre. The only naturally occurring mineral fibre is asbestos. Its
name is derived from Greek compound word signifying "incombustible",
"inextinguishable". It is a fibrous mineral substance, one of the most remarkable
in the mineral world. Known primarily for its fireproof properties, asbestos has
achieved its importance by reason of the many forms in which it serves and
protects man.
Man-made fibres are the achievement of the science of the 20th century.
They may be divided into two classes: rayons and synthetic fibres. Rayons are
manufactured by alteration of natural fibrous substance (for example, cellulose).
Synthetic fibres are obtained from the fibrous matter produced by chemical
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process called polymerization, in which many units of simple chemical
substances combine to form long-chain molecules. By selecting suitable simple
compounds and controlling the degree of polymerization, it is possible to
produce new substances whose properties can be predicted. This means that it is
now possible to produce entirely new fibres with desired combinations of
properties.
4. Answer the questions
1. What is a fibre?
2. What is the principal use of fibres?
3. How are fibres classified?
4. What vegetable fibres do you know?
5. Is jute an animal fibre?
6. How are vegetable fibres subdivided?
7. What is the most important animal fibre?
8. What is the number of mineral fibres?
9. What is the difference between rayons and synthetic fibres?
10. Do you know any other fibre not mention here?
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5. Complete the sentences
stretch tension fibres fabrics
recover textile properties requirements
yarns obtain cloth
A B
1. Cotton, flax, jute are
vegetable fibres
a. which is used for production of new
fibres with desired combination of
properties.
2. Animal fibres have protein
base
b. and they should be considered as
natural ones
1. According to the definition a fibre is…
2. The fibres are used for …
3. They are divided into …
4. The fibres obtained from plants are called …
5. Silk and wool are called …
6. The fibres belonging to the mineral group are …
7. Man-made fibres appeared only in …
8. There are … classes of man-made fibres.
9. The synthetic fibres are produced by means of the process called …
10. The strongest natural fibre is …
6. Retell the text according to this plan
1. Classification of fibres.
2. Natural fibres.
3. Man-made fibres.
4. Sub-division of man-made fibres.
7.Insert the necessary words into the spaces, some of the words are odd
1. … materials are used not only for clothes but also for household goods
and industrial needs.
2. No one fiber can satisfy all manufacturing or use requirements because
of its own unique … .
3. All … are classified into two main groups: natural and man-made.
4. The process of manufacturing textile … starts with the manufacture of
textile fibres then textile … .
5. Most textile fibres are elastic, that is they … when put under tension and
return to their original length when tension is removed.
8. Make up the sentences using the lines from A and B
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3. The only naturally occurring
mineral fibre is asbestos
c. so they are used for different purposes
4. Vegetable fibres may be soft
and hard
d. as they have cellulose base
5. Polymerisation is the main
chemical process
e. and usually grow from the skin as a
protective covering of various animals
9. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and
word-combinations
растягиваться при натяжении; частично или полностью принять
первоначальную длину; соответствовать всем требованиям к
приготовлению и использованию; как предполагает их название; самый
распространённый пример; извлекаются (восстанаваливаются) из
лиственной части некоторых растений; волокна получаются из; его
название происходит от; волокнистый материал; большое количество
простых химических веществ (многочисленные элементы).
10. Put questions to the highlighted words in bold. Define the functions
of the verbals in sentences
1. The fibres are divided into natural and man-made.
2. Natural fibres are subdivided into vegetable, animal and mineral ones.
3. Fibres produced from cellulose are called rayon.
4. Many natural fibres have been used from pre-historic times.
5. It is now possible to produce entirely new fibres with desired
combination of properties.
11. Work with a partner and discuss these questions
1. Do you know the principle use of fibres? What is it?
2. How to prove the elasticity of fibres? What is necessary to perform?
3. Explain the difference in vegetable fibres in your own words.
4. Why is wool considered to be the most important animal fibre?
5. Is polymerization the main chemical process in production of synthetic
fibres? Prove your point of view.
12. The words in sentences are jumbled up. Put the words into the best
order
the, of, is Cotton, vegetable, commonest, fibres, example.
1. own, Each, has, fibre, its, properties, unique.
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2. than, at least, The length, greater, 200, of, times, a fibre, is, its, width.
Cotton, moisture, temperate, strong, strength, abundant,
cross section, toweling, launderablility
3. Animal, fibres, and, rabbit, lama, camel, of, or, from, the hair, are, used,
derived, apparel, in, fur.
4. has, forms, Asbestos, many, fireproof, and, is.
13. Surf the Internet and find out some interesting information about
new synthetic fibres used for production of sportswear. Prepare a
presentation about it
UNIT 2
COTTON
ПРИЧАСТИЕ I
Помимо функции определения причастие I имеет также функцию
обстоятельства. В этом случае причастие переводится на русский
язык деепричастным оборотом.
Study carefully this pattern
Reading the text I found several unknown words.
Читая текст, я встретил несколько незнакомых слов.
Being examined the sample revealed high strength.
Будучи исследуемым, образец показал высокую прочность.
Having read the book I took it to the library.
Прочитав книгу, я отнес ее в библиотеку.
Having been examined for strength the fibre was found suitable for the
experiment.
Будучи исследованным на прочность, волокно было признано
подходящим для эксперимента.
1. Translate the sentences
1. Containing natural proteins cotton can be used for the production of
man-made fibres.
2. Having been picked cotton fibres are to be baled.
3. Being viscous the spinning solution is easily forced through the
spinnerets.
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4. Absorbing no moisture synthetic fibres cannot be considered to be
suitable for the production of undergarments.
5. Possessing good absorbing power linen is widely used for towels.
2. Translate the text paying attention to the participles I and II
COTTON
The term "cotton" refers to the plant which is famous for its fluffy fibre.
This term is also referred to the cotton fibres which consist of unicellular hairs
varying in length from a small fraction of an inch to two inches or slightly over.
Under the microscope we can see the fiber as a spirally twisted tube with rough
surface an no luster. The thin cell wall of the fibre has 200 – 400 turns of
natural twist per inch.
Cotton is a tropical plant adapted to temperate zones, growing best with
high temperatures, considerable sunshine, abundant but not excessive moisture
and high soil fertility. Its fibres occur attached to a seed about the size of a
small pea and have a spiral twist making them especially valuable for spinning.
One seed contains about 10,000 fibres which may vary in diameter from 12 to
25 microns depending on the type of cotton.
Microscopic examination of the cross section of a fibre reveals that the
fibre is a spirally twisted tube having a rough surface. Each fibre consists of an
outer cell wall and an inner layer of cellulose comprising the secondary wall.
Cotton is a strong fibre but it is not highly extensible (stretchable). Since
cotton fibres are only about 1 in. long they must be spun into continuous yarns.
Partly because of its low extensibility, the cotton fibre does not recover well
after stretching and so cotton fabrics do not exhibit good wrinkle resistance
unless chemically treated with crease resistant finishes.
The spirality of a cotton fibre distinguishes it from all other natural fibres
and gives it elasticity and superior value for spinning. No other natural fibre has
this feature.
Cotton fibres are about 20 % stronger when wet than dry. This property is
an obvious advantage in wet uses, particularly for laundering. Because of its
launderability, cotton is particularly useful for toweling. It can be sterilized by
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