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Файл:Английский язык. Текстильные волокна. Материаловедение. Учебное пособие
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1. Translate the text
JUTE
The plant is known to be a tall shrub, 8 to 15 feet high. It is cultivated in
tropical zones. The fibre is produced from the bark of the plant.
The plants mature in three months and the crop is harvested at the time
when the flowers have begun to show and seed has not yet appeared. If the
plants are allowed to seed, the fibre will be stronger or harsher. After harvesting
the stalks are stacked in the field until the leaves drop off. The stalks are sorted
as to length into three sizes, and are made into bundles. The extraction of the
fibre is accomplished by steeping the bundles in stagnant water. In this way the
bark is loosened and the fibre is separated.
The value of jute as a textile fibre lies wholly in its fineness, silkness and
adaptability to spinning; low cost of the raw materials is another advantage.
The fibre of jute, compared with other textiles, is quite inferior.
Nevertheless it may be regarded as one of our most useful fibres. The uses of
the fibre are many. In the manufacture of fabrics it goes into curtains, chair
covering, and other forms of upholstery, carpets, bagging. It has been employed
for imitation silk fabrics, although for this purpose the fibre requires a special
treatment in order to subdivide it more finely and render it glossier. The fibre is
also known to be made into all kinds of cordage.
Jute seems to be the most important bast fibre and is second to cotton in
world production. Jute is inexpensive, but it has a yellow-brown colour, which
is difficult to bleach because it ends to disintegrate in water, does not have high
strength and is coarse.
Because of these qualities it is primarily used for industrial products such
as bagging, carpet, linoleum backing, twine and cordage.
The commercial use of jute is known to date back less than a century. The
first exports in noticeable quantities seem to have been made to England in
1828.
2. Answer the questions
1. Is jute a vegetable fibre ?
2. To what class of vegetable fibre does it belong?
3. In what countries is it grown?
4. Is jute widely used as a textile fibre?
5. What are the main qualities of jute fibres?
6. What are the main uses of jute?
7. What is the extraction of jute fibres similar to?
8. Are jute fibres stronger than those of cotton?
3. Complete the sentences
1. Jute is similar to flax because …
2. The only difference is that it …
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3. The simplest way of recovering jute fibres is …
Example: Cotton is a natural fibre.
Cotton is known to be a natural fibre.
matures
separated
raw
fineness
harsh
silkness
manufacture useful
disintegrates coarse
loosen
glossy
4. Jute is not widely used for the production of clothes because …
5. Its main application is …
6. The reason for this is …
7. It is rather inexpensive because …
8. It is used for industrial purposes such as …
9. It is used for cordage because …
10.It comes to Britain from …
4. Translate the sentences
1. Jute is said to be cultivated in tropical zones.
2. Jute seems to be the cheapest of the vegetable fibres.
3. The first exports of jute to England are known to have been made in
1828.
4. The extraction of jute fibres is said to be similar to that of flax fibres.
5. Jute is known to be used for bagging.
6. Long jute fibres are known to be silky.
5. Transform the sentences according to the example
1. Jute grows in tropical countries.
2. India is the biggest producer of jute.
3. A lot of jute is produced in Pakistan.
4. They exported jute for 3 million dollars last year.
5. That sort of jute was exported for Russia.
6. Retell the text according to the plan
1. Jute as a plant.
2. Jute as a fibre.
3. Properties of jute fibres.
4. Uses of jute.
7. Make a short written summary of the text
8. Insert the necessary words into the spaces, some of the words are
odd
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1. The crop is harvested when the plant … but seed has not yet appeared.
make
stern
harsh
gather the crop
coarse
harvest
stalk
produce
materials
textiles
production
manufacture
A
B
1. Jute is a vegetable fibre
a. but it can’t be bleached.
2. The stalks are sorted as to
length into three sizes
b. because the cost of the row materials
is low.
3. The fibres of jute are
valuable
c. because it can’t be used for dress
goods.
4. The jute fabric is not
versatile
d. that is produced in the bark of the
plant.
5. Jute has many advantages
e. when the leaves have dropped off.
2. The bundles of jute are steeped in stagnant water for the bark to be …
and the fibre to be … .
3. The jute is valuable as a textile fibre for its properties such as … , …
and adoptability to spinning.
4. In the … of fabrics jute goes into various forms of upholstery, carpets,
bagging.
5. When bleached, jute … in water, doesn’t have high strength and is …
9. Put the following words into six groups of synonyms
10. Make up the sentences using the lines from A and B
11. Put questions to the highlighted words
1. Jute is the cheapest of the vegetable fibres.
2. The first exports of jute to England were made in 1828.
3. The extraction of jute fibres is similar to that of flax fibres.
4. Jute is used for upholstery, carpets and bagging.
5. The value of jute lies in its fineness, silkness and adoptability to
spinning.
12. Translate the following Russian sentences in English
1. Волокно получают из коры этого растения.
2. Когда все листья опали, растения сортируют по длине на три
группы и связывают в пучки.
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3. Пучки погружают в стоячую воду, чтобы кора отошла и волокна
bagging
leaves
fineness
flowers
cordage
yellow
brown
mature
curtains
carpets
stalk
silkness
harvest
seed
upholstery
cultivate
bleach
bark
shrub
tropical
loosen
steep
stagnant
water
отделились.
4. У джута много достоинств, но есть один недостаток.
5. Джут нельзя отбелить и использовать для изготовления одежды,
как лен и хлопок.
13. Work with a partner and discuss these questions
1. To what class of vegetable fibres does jute belong?
2. Prove that the production of jute fibre is similar to the production of flax
one.
3. Why is jute as a textile fibre valuable?
4. What makes jute unsuitable for dress goods production?
5. Is it possible to say that jute is versatile for industrial use? Why?
14. Divide the following words into three groups. Use them as the key
words describing jute:
a) as a plant,
b) as a fibre,
c) the use of jute.
15. Explain the difference between vegetable fibres
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UNIT 5
Wool, domestic, breed, carpet, to shear, to spin,
resilience, felting, wrinkle, garments
WOOL
Далее даются два образца. Первый – перевод инфинитива в
качестве обстоятельства времени. А второй – инфинитив в качестве
определения.
Внимательно изучите их и переведите текст, обращая внимание
на употребление этих двух конструкций.
To get there in time you must take a bus.
Чтобы добраться туда вовремя, вы должны сесть на автобус.
You must have a dictionary to translate this text.
Вы должны иметь словарь, чтобы перевести этот текст.
The text to be translated is very difficult.
Текст, который нужно перевести, очень труден.
These problems will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in
Moscow.
Эти вопросы будут обсуждаться на конференции, которая вскоре
должна открыться в Москве.
The fibres to be subjected to this treatment should be carefully tested.
Волокна, которые должны подвергнуться этой обработке, должны
быть тщательно проверены.
1.Translate the sentences
1. To transform wool into felt heat and pressure are necessary.
2. To produce warmth-giving garments we must use fabrics which are poor
conductors of heat.
3. The threads to be used as warp are held in position on the loom.
4. To increase the field of application of chemical fibres the latter are
usually mixed with natural ones.
5. All of the looms to be employed for mass production will be automatic.
6. The fibres were subjected to cleaning to prepare them for spinning.
7. To soften the silk gum the cocoons should be steeped into hot water.
8. Qualified operators will attend to the looms to be intended for first
quality articles.
9. The kind of shuttles to be introduced shortly will greatly decrease the
degree of noise at the shop.
10.To obtain the wool high quality you should order Merino wool.
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2. Translate the text
WOOL
The thick covering of coat of the domestic sheep consists of a mass of
fibres called wool. Wool fibres grow in tufts of as many as a dozen fibres.
Density of fibre varies widely with the breed and from one part to another of the
body of the individual sheep. There are more than 200 different breeds of sheep
in the world, representing all grades of wool from the finest to the coarsest.
When examining wool fibre under the microscope, we see it to be irregular
and roughly cylindrical tapered at the end multicellular in structure. The cross
section of the fibre shows three fundamental layers: epidermis, or outer layer,
cortex, or the main fibre body, and medullar, or the innermost layer. The
epidermis consists of scales, or flattened plates, giving the fibre its cohesive
quality.
Sheep's wool is classified into five generally recognized types: fine,
medium, long, crossbred and carpet (or mixed). Fine wools are produced by
Merino sheep while most medium wools are produced by English breeds. Fibres
to be obtained from Asiatic sheep are classed as carpet wool.
The sheep is sheared to obtain the wool. The fibres are sheared from the
living sheep (although some wool is "pulled" from slaughtered sheep) and are
then sorted and graded for fibre length, diameter and colour. Wool is sheared
from the sheep ordinarily once each year. The wool to be spun into yarn has to
be sorted and washed.
The use of wool for human clothing reaches far back into antiquity, if not
prehistory. Its outstanding qualities of resilience, wrinkle resistance,
hygroscopic quality, felting property and low heat conductivity long ago gave it
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a high usefulness not only for human clothing, but for blankets, upholstery,
floor covering, etc. The wool to be used for clothing must possess good natural
colour. Owing to a whole range of useful properties wool is also used for the
production of industrial fabrics and articles.
The most striking characteristic of wool fibre is its felting property. It is
caused by the horny scales of the outer layer of the fibre. To convert wool fibres
into felt they are subjected to heat, moisture and mechanical agitation. No other
fibres possess this property to such a marked degree. But this property may be a
disadvantage because wool textiles shrink continuously if wet laundered. This is
why wool garments to be cleaned are treated with organic solvents rather than
with water.
3. Answer the questions
1. Is wool a vegetable fibre?
2. What is the source of wool fibres?
3. What does the quality of wool fibres depend on?
4. What is the number of generally recognized types of wool fibres?
5. How often is the sheep sheared?
6. Is the sheared wool immediately spun into yarn?
7. What are the main properties of wool?
8. For what purposes is it used?
9. What is the most striking characteristic of wool fibres?
10.Is wool's felting property an advantage?
4. Translate the sentences
1. The fibres to be spun have to be sorted.
2. We have chosen the fabrics to be intended for outer garments.
3. These are the fibres to be used for carpets.
4. The sheep to be sheared were separated from the rest of the animals.
5. The fibres to be tested were placed under a microscope.
6. The yarns to be employed for this article must be dyed.
7. The fabrics to be used for clothing should be elastic.
8. These are the rules to be observed strictly.
9. To transform wool into felt heat and pressure are necessary.
10.The fibres are subjected to cleaning to prepare them for opening.
11.To make the yarns into fabrics we must knit or weave them.
12.To examine the physical structure of a fibre we have to use a
microscope.
13.In order to obtain good results you must use a good microscope.
14.To get fine wools we have to shear Merino sheep.
5. Complete the sentences
1. Wool belongs to animal fibres because …
2. Wool fibres grow as …
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3. There is a lot of varieties of wool because …
coarse
carpet
sheared
felting
tufts
resiliance
breed
upholstery
agitation
finest
soften
4. These are classified into …
5. The main properties of wool are …
6. Due to its properties wool is used for …
7. The most specific property of wool is ..
8. To convert wool into felt we have …
9. Felt is used for …
10.Wool is used for warmth-giving fabrics because of …
6. Retell the text according to the plan
1. Wool as a textile fibre.
2. Types of wool fibres.
3. Properties of wool.
4. Main uses of wool.
7. Describe the main characteristics of a garment made of wool and the
way you should handle it
8. Insert the necessary words into the spaces, some of the words are
odd
1. … consist of as many as dozen fibres.
2. Merino sheep are considered to have the … wool.
3. The sheep is … once each year.
4. Such qualities of wool like wrinkle resistance and … properties are
rather valuable.
5. A high usefulness of wool makes it suitable not only for human
clothing, but for blankets, … , floor covering, etc.
9. Find three pairs of word’s with the same meaning
thin – thick; to change – to vary; fine – coarse; to make – to produce; short
– long; living – slaughted; to push – to pull; thread – filament.
10. Fill in the spaces with the prepositions
1. The quality of wool depends … the thickness of the fibre.
2. Sheep’s wool is classified … five generally recognized types fine,
medium, long, crossbred and carpet.
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3. Fibres to be obtained … asiatic sheep are classsed … carpet wool.
4. All sheared fibres are sorted and graded … length, diameter and colour.
A
B
1. Wool fibres grow in tufts
a. but sometimes some wool is
pulled from slaughted sheep.
2. Fine wools are produced by
Merino sheep
b. because of its resiliency.
3. The sheep is sheared to
obtain the wool
c. which are known to be the most
valuable breed.
4. The wool is wrinkle resistant
d. and vary in density.
5. The wool fibres converted
into felt
e. when they are subjected to heat,
moisture and mechanical treatment.
5. To convert wool fibres into felt they are subjected … heat, moisture and
mechanical agitation.
11. Match the ends of the sentences to their beginnings
12. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and
word-combinations
более дюжины волокон; плотность волокна; меняться значительно в
зависимости от породы; тонкие сорта шерсти; стричь овцу; забитая овца;
сортируется и располагается по длине; устойчивость к сминанию; низкая
теплопроводность; мебельная обивка; сбиваться в войлок; подвергаться
воздействию.
13. Put questions to the highlighted words
1. Wool is the thick covering of the domestic sheep.
2. Density of fibre depends on the breed.
3. Wool is sheared from the sheep once each year.
4. Felting property is one of the striking characteristic of wool.
5. Wool garments to be cleaned are treated with organic solvents.
14. Work with a partner and make questions for these answers
- the thick covering of coat of the domestic sheep
- more than 200 different breeds of sheep
- into five generally recognized types
- the wool is sheared
29
- once a year
Wool
fibre
properties
use
tuff
felting
clothing
fine
resiliance
blankets
coarse
…
…
Silk, to extrude, silkworm, cocoon, insect, to emerge,
enzyme, to boil, luster, to possess
- natural colour
- felting property
15. Summarise the material into a table. Discuss it with your partner
UNIT 6
SILK
ГЕРУНДИЙ
Герундий − неличная (невременная) форма глагола.
При переводе на русский язык можно выделить три варианта:
элементарный герундий, герундиальный оборот и сокращенный
герундиальный оборот.
Элементарный герундий (герундий без левого имени) переводится
на русский язык отглагольным существительным.
Smoking is harmful for your health.
Курение вредно для вашего здоровья.
Walking in the country will do you good.
Прогулки (‘гуляние’) в загородной местности принесут вам пользу.
Reading is his favorite occupation.
Чтение – его любимое занятие.
1. Translate the sentences
1. Taking no action poses a dangerous risk.
2. He admitted to having heard about these events.
3. Having a scientific degree does not guarantee having a good job.
4. Not cleaning these fibres properly will put us at risk of producing poor
quality articles.
5. Growing silkworms is no simple matter.
6. Boiling cocoons kills the insects inside.
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