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Файл:Английский язык. Текстильные волокна. Материаловедение. Учебное пособие
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steam or by hypochlorite bleaching; such treatment enhances its whiteness and
makes it of value for surgical and sanitary uses. The uses of cotton fibres are so
widespread that it is by far the most important of all textile fibres.
3. Answer the questions
1. What does the term "cotton" mean?
2. Where is cotton grown?
3. Is it grown in Russia?
4. What is the length of cotton fibers?
5. What does their length depend on?
6. What do we see examining the cotton fibre under a microscope?
7. Are cotton fibres strong?
8. Do they have natural twist?
9. What are the main uses of cotton?
10. Are cotton fibres flexible?
4. Complete the sentences
1. Cotton fibres grow as …
2. Cotton is a tropical plant requiring …
3. Cotton does not grow in Russia because …
4. While growing the cotton fibres ate attached to …
5. Their length is …
6. Cotton fibres possess natural twist, which makes …
7. Under the microscope the cotton fibre appears as …
8. The strength of cotton fibres varies. This is due to …
9. Cotton is widely used for towels because of its …
10. The reason for its application for summer clothes is …
5. Translate the sentences
1. Possessing impurities cotton fibres cannot be immediately spun into
yarns.
2. Having combined the best characteristics of the existing looms the
inventors produced a type of loom with greater productivity.
3. Having been compressed into bales the fibres can be transformed into
the sliver.
4. Having been picked cotton must be thoroughly cleaned.
5. Having been separated from the seeds cotton fibres can be subjected to
further treatment.
6. Having been gathered the cocoons are baked or steamed in order to kill
the insect inside the cocoons.
7. Being unsuitable for the immediate conversion into yarn natural fibres
are usually subjected to a number of preparatory operations.
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8. Having been picked and baled the cotton was sent to the spinning mill.
A
B
1. fibre
a. a spirally twisted tube having a round surface
2. cotton
b. a strong inextensible fibre, but not highly
stretchable
3. extensibility
c. the ability to recover well under stretching
fluffy widespread unicellular inner
excessive wrinkle spiral continuous
twist
layer
uses
fibre
resistance
hairs
moisture
yarns
9. Having been boiled the cocoons can be wound off into hanks.
10. Being a good conductor of heat cotton is widely used for summer
clothes.
6. Match the words A with appropriate phrase in B
7. Make word partnerships then use them to make five sentences
8. Give the English equivalents to the following Russians words and
word-combinations
относится к…; меняющиеся по длине; высокая плодородность почвы;
прикрепленные к семени; размером с маленькую горошину;
спиралевидное скручивание (спиральное скручивание); меняться в
диаметре; шероховатая поверхность; внутренний слой; непрерывная
(сплошная) пряжа; хорошая устойчивость к сминанию.
9. Insert prepositions in the following word-combinations. Find the
sentences with them in the text and give the correct translation
1. … refers … the plant
2. refers … the cotton
3. … consist … unicellular hairs
4. … growing best … high temperatures
5. … vary … diameter
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6. … depending … the type of cotton.
10. The words in sentences are jumbled up. Put the words into the best
order
1. fibre, consisting, of, fluffy, is, Cotton, hairs, unicellular, a.
2. have, Tropical, high, countries, temperatures, sunshine, moisture, but,
not, considerable, abundant, excessive.
3. fibre, a, a, spirally, Cotton, is, tube, twisted, surface, having, rough.
4. yarns, into, a, strong, continuous, which, Cotton, is, fibre, spun, be,
must.
5. The uses, fibres, are, of, cotton, important, fibres, most, all, fibres,
textile, the, of.
11. Put questions to the highlighted words. Define the function of
verbals in the sentences
1. Having been picked cotton fibres are to be compressed.
2. Cotton fibres having such a small length cannot be used for spinning.
3. Having natural twist the fibres are easily spun into yarn.
4. Having been compressed the fibres are sent to the spinning mill.
5. Cotton being grown in this region has somewhat different color.
12. Work with a partner and discuss these questions
1. What does the term “cotton” mean?
2. How can you prove that cotton is a tropical plant?
3. What makes cotton fibres especially valuable for spinning?
4. What structure of a cotton fibres have scientists reveal? How did they do
it?
5. Why are the uses of cotton fibres so widespread?
13. All points of the plan for retelling of the text are jumbled. Put them
into the best order and retell the text according to the plan
1. Cotton as a plant and fibre.
2. Properties of a cotton fibre.
3. The use of cotton.
4. Two meanings of the term “cotton”.
13
14. Read the following text. Say what new information you have found
Flax, linen,
annual, linseed, tablecloth, cultivation, cotton
gin, to produce commercially, to deseed,
to dissolve, gum, straw, retting dew
Подлежащее
Объектный падеж с инфинитивом
и сказуемое
I know
I know
I know
I know
John to translate this text
John to have translated this text
this text to be translated by John
this text to have been translated by John
in it
Jean. A strong, twilled cotton material: a type of fustian (бумазея,
диагональ). The many different spellings include Janua, the medieval Latin
word for Genoa, the Italian city where the material was made in the Middle
Ages. It has been used widely since the sixteenth century for working clothes
due to its hard-wearing quality. Though available in other colours, the fabric is
commonly blue and is best known in the second half of the twentieth century for
blue jeans, which are named after it. The word jeans has been used since the
early nineteenth century for trousers made from jean.
Levis [ˈliːvaɪz]. Named after their creator Levi Strauss, who went to
California in search of gold in 1850, and worn as working pants by American
cowboys. In the USA these blue, fitting trousers made from strong cotton (jean),
now everyday wear for young men, girls and children, are still often referred to
as levis. In England they are jeans or blue jeans.
15. Surf Internet and find out the origin of Russian term “варенки”.
Discuss it with you partner
UNIT 3
FLAX
Study carefully the pattern
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Я знаю
Я знаю
Я знаю
Я знаю
что Джон переводит этот текст
что Джон перевел этот текст
что этот текст переводится Джоном
что этот текст был переведен Джоном
1. Read and translate the text
FLAX
We know flax to be an annual plant grown in many temperate countries for
the production of linseed and linen fibre. In English-speaking countries both the
plant and the fibre are called flax, while the yarn and fabric produced from flax
are called linen. In the United States the word "linen" is often used to identify
tablecloths, towels and similar articles that may or may not be made of flax
fibres.
Under the microscope we see flax fibre consist of hairlike cylindrical
filaments with fine pointed ends. The filaments are seen to be cemented
together by a gummy substance called pectin. The long flax filaments contain a
lumen, or inner canal. The fibre seems to resemble a bamboo stick, having a
natural uneveness.
We know the use of flax to have a greater antiquity than any other
commercial fibre. Some historians claim flax to have been cultivated by the
ancient Mexicans in the earliest period of our civilization. Flax was cultivated
in prehistoric times, possibly at first for food. We know it to have been found in
the ruins of the Stone Age lake dwellings of Switzerland and it is known that
the ancient Egyptians made linen cloth from flax fibres. Later flax cultivation
spread through Europe and Asia. It reached the United States during the
colonial period where it was widely grown for fibre before the invention of the
cotton gin in 1792 made cotton a cheaper fabric. The manufacture of linseed oil
in the United States began in 1805.
15
While the plant can be grown in nearly every portion of the temperate
world, it is produced commercially throughout Europe and in portions of Africa
and Asia, Japan, Australia, Canada and the USA. Russia is the world's chief
producer of flax fibre; other leading producers include Poland, France, Ireland.
Flax is harvested for fibre when the leaves have fallen from the lower twothirds of the stem. The crop is harvested by pulling the plants from the ground
by hand or by pulling machines. The deseeded straw (stems) is retted to dissolve
the gum that binds the fibres to the woody portion of the stem. Retting is
completed after 7 to 21 days.
There are three methods of retting. Dew retting is the simplest, when the
straw is spread over the field like hay and retted by dew and by the action of
elements. Pool retting is immersing the straw in pools of stagnant water. The
pools are dug in the ground for this purpose. Retting in running water is the
third method. The fibres separated by retting are baled and shipped to spinning
mills.
Flax fibre is strong, lustrous and, when bleached to a sparkling white,
produces an attractive appearance for apparel goods as well as tablecloths and
napkins. Because of its high strength it is also used in fish nets, sewing thread
and fire hose. Fineness of the linen yarns is taken into consideration in choosing
them for appropriate end uses. We know fine yarns to be used in weaving highquality linen fabrics such as laces, household linens and dress goods. Coarse
yarns are used for fabrics such as rough toweling, or for making cord or rope.
Linen is especially suitable for towels because of its good absorbing power.
2. Answer the questions
1. In what countries is flax grown?
2. What does the word "linen" mean?
3. What country is the largest producer of the fibre?
4. Is flax an animal fibre?
5. What is the way the fibres are recovered from the stems?
6. Are there different ways of retting?
7. What are the main uses of flax?
8. What linen yarns are for the production of high-quality linen fabrics?
9. Why is linen suitable for towels?
10. Is flax fibre suitable for sewing threads?
3. Complete the sentences
1. The term ‘Flax” denotes …
2. The term ‘Linen’ is used to denote …
3. The flax plan is grown in …
4. Flax is sometimes considered as the oldest fibre because …
5. The European countries producing it are …
6. The simplest way to obtain fax fibres is …
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7. The fibre is recovered from …
Example: Flax is the oldest natural fibre.
Some people consider flax to be the oldest natural fibre.
annual
cultivated
produced
dissolved
linen development
harvested
retting
spinning
invention
attractive
absorbtion
8. The main properties of flax are …
9. Flax is used for towels because …
10.The flax fibre becomes sparkling white when …
4. Translate the sentences
1. We know flax to be a natural fibre.
2. We know flax to have been brought to the United States from Europe.
3. They consider these fibres to be produced in large quantities.
4. Some historians consider flax to be the oldest textile fibre.
5. We know flax fibres to be separated from the stems by retting.
6. We suppose the prehistoric man to have produced flax for food.
7. They say the fibre to have been examined for strength.
8. We knew this fibre to possess great elasticity.
9. He considered the fabric to be rather expensive.
10.We expected the testing procedure to produce good results.
5. Transform the sentences according to the example
1. Flax absorbs moisture well.
2. Flax is used for towels.
3. Fax possesses natural lustre.
4. Flax is used for summer garments.
5. She bought a new dress.
6. This dress was made of flax.
7. Garments made of flax are very attractive.
8. She bought a dress made of flax.
9. Flax is grown in wet and temperate climate.
10.Flax is suitable for summer wear.
6. Retell the text according to the plan
1. The methods of recovery of flax fibres.
2. Properties of flax fibres.
3. Main uses of linen.
7. Insert the necessary words into the spaces, some of the words are
odd
17
1. Flax is the name of the fibre from which … is made.
produce
complete
coarse
cultivate
part
harvest
manufacture
portion
grow
rough
finish
gather
A B
1. Flax is an annual plant
a. when the most part of the leaves
has fallen.
2. In the 18
th
century flax
cultivation reached the United
States
b. which can be grown in many
parts of the world.
3. Flax is harvested for fibre
c. so it is used not only for
household linen line table cloths but
for fish nets, sewing threads and fire
hoses.
2. Archeologists found out … to have been made by the prehistoric people
who at first … flax for food.
3. The … of the cotton gin in 1792 was a great break-through in the textile
industry.
4. The crop is … either by pulling the plants from the ground by hand or
mechanically, by pulling machines.
5. In the process of … the gum is … and the fibres are loosened from the
stem.
8. Put the following words into six groups of synonyms
9. Fill in the spaces with the prepositions
1. The yarn and fabric produced … flax are called linen.
2. With the ability of ancient people to shipping flax cultivation spread …
Australia and America.
3. Retting makes the gum that binds the fibres … the woody portion … the
stem dissolve.
4. In the process … dew retting the straw is spread … the field like hay and
retted … dew.
5. Loosened fibres are baled and shipped … spinning mills.
10. Make up the sentences using the lines from A and B
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4. There are three methods of
retting
d. where it was widely grown for
fibre.
5. Flax fibre is strong
e. which are used to loosen fibres.
11. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and
word-combinations
однолетнее растение; подобные изделия; более древня история;
распространяться по …; волокноотделитель; производится в
коммерческих масштабах; урожай льна собирается; две трети нижней
части стебля; древесная часть стебля; росяная мочка; мочка в запруде;
увязываются в тюки и отправляются на прядильные фабрики; сверкающая
белизна; предметы одежды; высокая прочность.
12. The words in sentences are jumbled up. Put the words into the best
order
1. fibres, a, white, Flax, sparking, bleached, can, be, to.
2. produced, commercially, is, Flax, Europe, throughout, USA, and, the,
Asia.
3. people, Ancient, flax, cultivated, at first, linen, for, for, food, then.
4. Flax, in, grown, is, many, for, the, temperate, production, countries, and,
linseed, fibre, of.
5. There, three, are, of, dissolving, methods, the, the, gum, fibres, binding,
the, stem, to.
13. Work with a partner and discuss these questions
1. What does the word “linen” mean?
2. What is the history of flax cultivation?
3. Where is flax produced commercially?
4. What are the retting methods used for?
5. Why is linen suitable for apparel goods as well as tablecloths and
napkins?
14. State the main points of the text according to the order in which
they appear in the text
1. Flax is obtained from the stalks of the linen plant.
2. Retting is the process of keeping flax straw in water.
3. Flax is name of the fibre from which linen is made.
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4. After retting fibres are baled and shipping to spinning mills.
origin
appearance
properties
usage
Linen
jute, bark, to harvest, stalk, bundle, to steep, to loosen,
spinning, fabric, to bleach, bagging, cordage
1
2
3
John
John
This text
This text
is known
is said
is supposed
seems
to translate
this text
to have translated
this text
to be translated
by John
to have been translated
by John
2
1+3
Известно
Говорят
Полагают
Кажется
что Джон
переводит
этот текст
что Джон
перевел
этот текст
что этот текст
переводится
Джоном
что этот текст
был переведен
Джоном
5. Flax fibre is bleached to a sparkling white to produce an attractive
appearance.
6. Fineness, strength, and luster make linen suitable for dress goods and
household linen.
7. Due to their high strength linen yarns are also used in fish nets, sewing
threads and fire hoses.
15. Copy and complete the table using information from the text you
have studied
UNIT 4
JUTE
Это – образец конструкции “именительный падеж с
инфинитивом”. Внимательно проанализируйте его и переведите текст,
обращая внимание на перевод конструкции.
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