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Файл:Английский язык. Текстильные волокна. Материаловедение. Учебное пособие
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4. Spinnerets are similar to …
А
В
1. . nylon
a) man-made fibre or yarns formed by a compound of
cellulose and sulphite that has been extruded and
hardened
2. . spinneret
b) the first commercially produced fibre
3. . rayon
c) a jet containing very fine holes through which the
spinning solution is extruded
4. synthetic fibre
d) a man-made fibre produced by chemical synthesis
rayons material solution soluble polymerisation
synthetic pulp pulped substance
dissolved converted commercially properties
5. They are made of …
6. The first synthetic fibre was …
7. It can be made from …
8. They are rather cheap because …
9. These fibres are widely used due to …
10. Nowadays the replace some metals because
5. Retell the text according to the plan
1. Types of man-made fibres.
2. Basic principles of man-made fibre production.
3. Rayons.
4. Synthetic fibres.
6. Match the following nouns with their definitions
7. Insert the necessary words into the spaces, some of the words are
odd
1. Man-made fibres are devided into two groups: … and … fibres.
2. Spinning … is the cellulosic … compound.
3. To produce rayon wood … is used as the wood … by sulphite process is
… into nitrocellulose.
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4. Due to … it is possible to form large molecules with entirely different
… .
5. Nylon is considered to be the first … produced synthetic fibre.
8. Give the English equivalents to the following Russians words and
word-combinations
отличаться по методу превращения; целлюлозное растворимое
вещество; выдавливаться; фильера; древесная целлюлоза; вариться;
выдерживаться; появление синтетических волокон; соединяться
чередованием в линейный полимер; в специальных условиях; ряд
способов.
9. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions
1. Rayons and synthetic fibres differ … their method of converting
cellulose into filaments.
2. Spinnerets are perforated … circular, concentrically arranged openings
of almost microscopic size.
3. Certain types of simple compounds must be polymerized … special
conditions to form long-chain polymers.
4. Nylon can be made … a number of ways … carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
and oxygen.
5. The best established used … man-made fibres in clothing industry is in
linings, suits and overcoats.
10. Read the text. Translate it in writing. Time limit 10 minutes
Man-made fibres are the twentieth-century addition to the range of natural
fibres used to make yarns and fabrics.
These fibres include those made from natural substance, such as acetate, as
well as, synthetics mode from chemicals. Synthetics are cheap to produce and
have easy care properties unlike many of the natural fibres which crease and
shrink badly and need careful laundering.
However, they are less comfortable to wear and most of them lack the
distinctive appearance of wool, silk, linen and cotton. Many modern fabrics are
made from blends of natural and synthetic fibres to give the best of both worlds.
11. Render the idea of both texts in English
12. Perform the tasks of the Projects
1. Visit a local store. List in separate columns all fabrics that are a) woven,
b) knitted, c) non-woven, d) lace, e) felted, f) other construction. What
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percentage of the fabrics listed comes in each category? What conclusions
Composites, plastics, malleable, to mold, versatility,
impervious, film, carbon, tensile strength, tolerance,
expansion
can you draw?
2. Fabrics of what man-made fibre would you advise for the different
articles in a wardrobe for a two-ween winter cruise, a trip on which there
will be limited laundry facilities?
3. You are a salesperson in a big store: a) What advice would you, as, a
salesperson, give a consumer on the choice of fabric for summer clothes;
b) How would you advise a consumer to choose fabric for trimming
(отделка) on an evening jacket?
4. From the articles of apparel listed here, select one garment for study:
nightgown, robe, slacks, head scarf, raincoat, skirt, suit, pants suit, furlike
fabric coat.
Write up the information to include
a) Where found in a store.
b) Fabrics of which it is made.
c) Size range.
d) Instructions for care.
e) Retail price range.
13. Discuss the results with your partner
UNIT 10
MODERN MAN-MADE FIBRES
1. Translate the text
MODERN MAN-MADE FIBRES
New scientific developments in man-made fibres led the production of
fibres with pre-determined properties. This has been achieves due to
development of composite materials. A composite material (also called
a composition material or composite) is a material made from two or more
constituent materials. When combined, they produce a material with
characteristics different from the individual components. The new material may
be preferred for many reasons: due to their being stronger, lighter, or less
expensive when compared to traditional materials.
Another new development are plastics. They consist of any of a wide
range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and
so can be molded into solid objects. The word plastic derives from the Greek
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plastikos meaning "capable of being shaped or molded". The plasticity, or
malleability, of the material during manufacture allows it to be cast, pressed,
or extruded into a variety of shapes, such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles,
boxes, amongst many others. Due to their low cost, ease of manufacture,
versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in a variety of
products.
In their search of very strong materials scientists turned their attention to
carbon fibers. They are fibers about 5–10 micrometres in diameter and
composed mostly of carbon atoms. To produce a carbon fiber, the carbon atoms
are aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber and bonded together. Several
thousand carbon fibers are bundled together to form a tow, which may be used
by itself or woven into a fabric. For the first time carbon fibres were produced
in 1860. But a new interest in carbon fibres revived in the USA and Japan in the
middle of the XX century. A joint technology agreement allowed American and
Japanese scientists to make further headway in this field. Now estimated global
demand for carbon fiber market is $1.7 billion with estimated annual growth of
10-12%.The strongest demand for carbon fiber comes from aircraft and
aerospace, wind energy, as well as the automotive industry. The main
advantages of these fibers include high stiffness, high tensile strength, low
weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal
expansion. These properties have made carbon fiber very popular. Carbon fibers
are also combined with other materials to form composites with a very high heat
tolerance.
2. Answer the questions
1. What was the purpose of producing composites?
2. What is their advantage?
3. Is their production more complicated?
4. Are composite materials cheaper than the traditional ones?
5. What are the peculiarities of plastics?
6. What makes them acceptable for the manufacturers and users?
7. Are carbon fibres a completely novel development?
8. When did they appear for the first time?
9. Who are their modern originators?
10. Was their modern development a joint venture?
11. What are their main properties?
12. What are their fields of application?
13. Why are they used in space technology?
3. Translate the sentences
1. Plastics being easily molded, they are widely applicable in a variety of
end-uses.
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2. Plastics being easily molded makes them widely acceptable for the
production of different consumer goods.
3. Due to being highly heat resistant carbon fibers are used for the
production of space ships and motorcars.
4. We would like these carbon fibres to be tested for heat resistance.
5. They want us to prepare new sample of these new fibres for this year
show.
6. I heard them discuss the advantages of these new fibres.
7. This composite is supposed to be highly plasticized.
8. It is said to have been withstood 900 degrees Centigrade.
9. The preparation of this spinning solution is known to have been made
by our students.
10. The use of carbon fibres seems to have been underway since the 1960s.
11. The American scientists are said to have made a considerable headway
in this field.
12. Carbon fibres are considered to be unexcelled for heat resistance.
13. There are
14. There is a lot of problems to be solved before a mass production of
these fibres is to begin.
15. For their production to begin a suitable spinning solution is to be
prepared.
4. Complete the sentences
1. As composites are made of different materials ...
2. ... carbon fibres remaind virtually without any practical application.
3. ... carbon fibres are used in space technology.
4. Being easily plasticised these materials ...
5. ... that is why c bon fibres are widely used in space technology.
6. Consumer goods are usually produced in a very wide range of forms abd
shapes ...
7. Heat resistance is highly praised by the space engineers ...
8. ... this is the reason for the growth in the annual demand for plastisc.
9. Due to the low production costs of plastics ...
10. Bercause of their ease of manufacture …
5. Retell the text according to the plan
1. The reasons for the production of materials with pre-determined
properties.
2. The contribution of composites for this development.
3. Plastics and their advantages.
4. The origin of carbon fibres.
5. Modern revival of carbon fibres.
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6. Insert the necessary words into the spaces, some of the words are
composite plastics components carbon
properties pre-determined variety
expansion plastics
odd
1. Modern man-made fibres are the ones with … properties.
2. When two or more constituent materials are combined, they produce a
material with characteristics different from the individual … .
3. … are cast, pressed, or extruded into a … of shapes, such as films,
plates, bottles, boxes, amongst many others.
4. For the first time … fibres were produced in the 19
th
century.
5. Carbon fibres are in great demand for aerospace industry due to their
low thermal … and other … .
7. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and
word-combinations
предопределенные (заранее определенные) свойства; основные
материалы; быть предпочтительным; тягучесть; универсальность; в числе
многих других; обратить внимание на; образовать жгут волокна.
8. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions
1. Plastics consist … any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic
organic compounds.
2. In their search of very strong materials scientists turned their attention
… carbon fibres 150 years ago.
3. … the first time carbon fibres were produced in 1860.
4. The greatest demand … carbon fibre comes … aircraft and aerospace
industry.
5. A new interest … carbon fibres revived in the USA and Japan in the
middle of the XX century.
9. Retell the text
10. Summarise the text
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11. Surf the Internet and find out some interesting information about
To refine, wire, embroidery, goldwork, nobility, silica,
feldspar, fluorspar, carrier, reinforcement, stretch, webbing,
modern man-made fibres in aerospace industry and the industry
manufacturing deep-sea apparatus. Prepare a presentation about it
UNIT 11
METALLIC, GLASS AND RUBBER FIBRES
1. Translate the text
Refined filaments, or wires, of gold, platinum, silver and other metals as
well as of glass and rubber are also considered to be man-made because the
refined metal must be produced into filamentous form.
Metallic Fibres. Centuries before fibres were produced by chemical
processes, ribbon-like metallic threads were used in hand weaving of carpets
and clothing fabrics. The metallic threads produced highly prized decorative
effects, but gold was expensive and all other metals tarnished in use. The
modern metallic filaments and yarns are inexpensive and do not lose their bright
appearance. Metallic filaments are used for decorative effects in fabrics, the
most impressive example of them being embroidery. At one time it was worn
and used also by the nobility in practically all countries. It is also undeniable
that a taste for embroidery is reviving in Europe. The most common type of
embroidery worn by the rich is called goldwork. The term "goldwork" is used
even when the threads are imitation gold, silver, or copper. The metal wires
used to make the threads have never been entirely gold; they have always been
gold-coated silver or cheaper metals. Goldwork is always surface embroidery,
that is, the gold threads are held onto the surface of the fabric by a
second thread, usually of fine silk.
Glass fibres are made by spinning melted glass of a special composition
consisting of silica sand, limestone, soda ash, boric acid, feldspar and fluorspar.
The molten glass is forced through small holes. The hot strands are gathered on
a rapidly revolving carrier that stretches the fibres into fine, flexible filaments.
Glass fibres are tremendously strong and heat resistant but have little stretch.
Glass-fibre fabrics are used when heat and fire resistance are important, as in
draperies for public places. They are also used as reinforcement for laminated
plastics.
Rubber fibres are made from natural or synthetic rubber. They are useful
because of their high elasticity and stretch. They are usually employed as a core
around which other fibres or yarns are wound to protect the rubber from
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abrasion. They are used in foundation garments, surgical supports and elastic
webbing.
2.Answer the questions
1. Why are metallic, glass and rubber fibres considered to be man-made?
2. Do they have a long history?
3. What metals were used for the production of threads?
4. What are the reasons for their application?
5. What is goldwork?
6. Is it in common use?
7. What are the main properties of glass fibres?
8. What kinds of rubber are used for the manufacture of rubber fibres?
9. What is their essential property?
10. For what purpose are they used?
3. Translate the sentences
1. The fibres having no twist makes them unsuitable for spinning into
yearn.
2. The fibres having no twist, we cannot spin them into yarns.
3. The fibres having no twist cannot be used for this purpose.
4. The seeds remaining on the fibres should be removed.
5. The seeds remaining on the fibres, we must remove them.
6. The seeds remaining on the fibres makes them unsuitable for spinning
without a preparation.
7. The fibres containing impurities have to be cleaned.
8. The fibres containing impurities, we have to clean them.
9. The fibres containing impurities makes them unsuitable for spinning.
10. The spinning solution being sufficiently viscous made it unnecessary
to use additional solvent.
11. The spinning solution being sufficiently viscous, it is easy to force it
through the spinneret.
12. The spinning solution being sufficiently viscous can be easily forced
through the spinneret.
13. The fabric being good conductor of heat cannot be used for winter
garments.
14. The fabric being good conductor of heat, we cannot use it for winter
garments.
15. The fabric being good conductor of heat made it unsuitable for winter
garments.
16. Fabrics being poor conductors of heat cannot be used for this purpose.
17. Fabric being poor conductors of heat, we cannot use them for this
purpose.
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18. Fabrics being poor conductors of heat made them suitable for this
purpose.
19. This cloth being produced from very strong fibres, we can expect it to
be very durable.
20. This cloth being produced from strong fibres makes it suitable for
industrial purposes.
21. With this cloth being produced from very strong fibres we can employ
it where high durability is required.
4. Complete the sentences
1. Metallic, glass and rubber fibres considered to be man-made because
…
2. Metallic filaments are used for …
3. The modern metallic filaments are inexpensive but they produce …
4. Gold is rarely used today because …
5. Glass fibres are made by …
6. The composition of glass in this case consists of …
7. Their main characteristic of glass fibres is …
8. Rubber fibres are also used because of …
9. Rubber fibres are usually employed as …
10. Rubber fibres are often used for surgical supports and elastic webbing
because of …
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ADDITIONAL READING
A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or
artificial fibres (yarn or thread). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres
of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, or other materials to produce long strands. Textiles
are formed by weaving, knitting, knotting, or felting.
The related words fabric and cloth are often used in textile trades (such
as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle
differences in these terms in specialized usage. A textile is any material made of
interlacing fibres, including carpeting and geotextiles. A fabric is a material
made through weaving, knitting, or bonding that may be used in production of
further goods (garments, etc.). Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but
is often a piece of fabric that has been processed.
The word 'textile' is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning
'woven', from textus, the past participle of the verb texere, 'to weave'. The word
'fabric' also derives from Latin, and earlier as the Latin fabrica 'workshop; a
skilful production, structure, fabric', which is from the Latin faber, or 'artisan
who works in hard materials'.
Textile fibres can be created from many natural sources (animal hair or fur,
insect cocoons as with silk worm cocoons), as well as semisynthetic methods
that use naturally occurring polymers, and synthetic methods that use polymerbased materials, and even minerals such as metals to make foils and wires. The
textile industry requires that fibre content be provided on content labels. These
labels are used to test textiles under different conditions to meet safety
standards (for example, for flame-resistance), and to determine whether or not a
textile is machine washable or must be dry-cleaned. Common textile fibres used
in global fashion today include a lot of natural and man-made fibres.
Fiber or fibre (from the Latin fibra) is a natural or synthetic substance that
is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture
of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers,
for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts
compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers can give some
benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
Natural fibers develop or occur in the fiber shape, and include those
produced by plants, animals, and geological processes. They can be classified
according to their origin:
Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often
with lignin: examples include cotton, hemp, jute, flax, ramie, sisal, bagasse, and
banana. Plant fibers are employed in the manufacture of paper and textile
(cloth).
Wood fiber, distinguished from vegetable fiber, is from tree sources.
Forms include ground wood, lacebark, thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and
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