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Файл:Английский язык. Текстильные волокна. Материаловедение. Учебное пособие
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8. Put the following words into nine groups of synonyms
soft
flexible
resistant
effective
toxicant
large-scale
mainstream
modern
elastic
ancient
hard
rigid
ineffective
antidote
soft
small-scale
secondary
inelastic
9. Fill in the spaces with the prepositions
1. Asbestos is the only mineral belonging … the class of natural fibres.
2. Asbestos is known to be resistant … heat, electricity and chemical
corrosion.
3. Working with asbestos one should be aware … its toxic properties.
4. … the end of the 19th century builders began using asbestos … its
desirable physical properties as sound absorption, resistance to heat, fire
and others.
5. The high death rate … lungs cancer of builders is considered to be
linked … inhalation of asbestos.
10. Put questions to the highlighted words in the bold
1. Asbestos fibres consist of millions of microscopic fibres.
2. These fibrils may be of different colors.
3. Asbestos fibres are highly toxic due to their tiny fibrils.
4. Asbestos – related illnesses sometimes take up to 20 years of
development.
5. Builders use asbestos for its desirable physical properties.
11. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and
word-combinations
видимые волокна; волоконца; происходить от; устойчивый к
воздействию тепла; изолятор; высокотоксичный; вдыхать; спасатели;
добыча асбеста; производствo асбеста; объявить вне закона; основное
направление в строительстве и защиты от огня.
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12. The words in sentences are jumbled up. Put the words into the best
to visualize, artificial, to weave, filament, nozzle, liquid,
spinnerets, spool, to solidify, rayon, to synthesize, hosiery,
to knit
order
1. The,’ asbestos’, ancient, means, word, Greek, unquenchable,
inextinguishable, or.
2. are, are, and, Although, asbestos, soft, flexible, fibres, resistant, they,
heat, to.
3. Asbestos, are, fibres, toxic, due to, highly, their, fibrils, tiny.
4. sometimes, cancer, is,,Iinhalation, asbestos, of, linked to, lungs.
5. was, in, popular, Asbestos, building, its, due to, properties, outstanding.
13. Make a list of ten key words and write down a summary of the text
in five-six sentences
14. Do you know?
Asbestos was used to make snow (amongst other things).
Artificial snow was created by using Chrisodile (white asbestos) because it
looked so much like it. There were no real modifications that had to be made
because its original appearance was so reminiscent of snow itself. Because of its
ability not to melt and be fire-proof, it was popular on film and TV sets. ‘The
snow’ and was even used in ‘Wizard of Oz’ set in the poppy field scene. It was
labelled as ‘White Snow Magic’ or ‘Snow Drift’ when it was being sold as a
product.
UNIT 8
MAN-MADE FIBRES (I)
НЕЗАВИСИМЫЙ ПРИЧАСТНЫЙ ОБОРОТ С ПРИЧАСТИЕМ I
Независимый оборот с причастием I переводится придаточным
предложением. Когда он начинает предложение, то используются
союзы когда, так как, хотя и синонимичные им. Когда он завершает
предложение, то используется союз причем.
42
Study carefully this pattern
The fibres being strong, very durable fabrics can be produced from them.
Так как волокна являются прочными, очень прочные ткани могут
быть призведены из них.
The bales of fibres having been opened, cleaning operation can be
started.
Когда тюки волокон были разрыхлены, можно было начинать
операцию очистки.
Various fibres can be used for this purpose, natural ones giving the most
satisfactory results.
Различные волокна могут быть использованы для этой цели, причем
натуральные волокна дают наиболее удовлетворительные
результаты.
1. Translate the sentences
1. Spinning solution having been prepared, we can transform it into
filaments.
2. Spinning solution is easily transformed into continuous filaments, the
device called spinnerets being used for this purpose.
3. Silk filament being lustrous, fabrics made of it are very attractive.
4. The silkworm having enveloped itself in a cocoon, it was time to pick
the cocoons.
5. The wool having been washed, no dirt remains on it.
6. The cocoons having been gathered, it was time to steep them into hot
water.
7. Baking and steaming being very important processes, one has to be
careful in accomplishing them.
8. The fibres are divided into natural and man-made, the latter being
subdivided into rayons and synthetic fibres.
9. The spinning solution being viscous, it is easy to force it through the
spinnerets.
10. Cotton fibres having been picked and baled, preparatory operation can
be started.
2. Translate the text
THE HISTORY OF MAN-MADE FIBRES
The first person to visualize the possibility of making an artificial fibre by
a process similar to the spinning of the silkworm was Robert Hooke, an English
scientist. He included a discussion of the subject in his book "Micrographia",
published in 1665, no concrete developments along these lines having occurred,
however, until the middle of the 19th century. In 1842 an English silkweaver,
Louis Schwabe, exhibited a machine for making artificial filaments. This
machine used nozzles with fine holes through which the liquid was forced in
43
order to form filaments, this being the principle of spinnerets used today.
Schwabe spun his filaments of glass, but was not satisfied with the product and
appealed to British scientists to discover a better material from which to
manufacture filaments.
A further development preparing the way for man-made fibres was the
discovery of nitrocellulose by C.F. Schonbein, a Swiss chemist, in 1846. In
1855 Audemars of Lausanne took matters a little further. He obtained
nitrocellulose from mulberry twigs and dissolved it in a mixture of ether and
alcohol with caoutchouc. From the mass that resulted he drew, with a steel
needle, threads that solidified in air, and finally wound them on a spool. This
process is described in British Patent 283 of 1855. But it was too early then for
the process to be developed practically.
The development of man-made fibres as a textile really began with the
work of Count Hilaire de Chardonnet (1839-1924) who is often called the
"father of the rayon industry", rayon being a man-made fibre based on cellulose.
He produced his first fibre by what became to be known as nitrocellulose
method in 1884. The development of rayon represented the first big break from
nature in the production of fibres. Rayon being based on naturally occurring
fibrous material (cellulose), the fibre cannot be considered as true man-made
fibre. Rayons are made by alteration of natural fibrous substance (cellulose).
Further research became centred in producing fibrous material that cannot be
found in nature. It was discovered that chemically fibrous material was
composed of long-chain molecules. These were eventually synthesized from
simple materials (coal, water and air).
A well-known example of synthetic fibres is nylon. It originated in the
laboratories of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. in 1927. It was first introduced
to the public in 1938 as bristles in tooth brushes. In 1939 hosiery knitted of
nylon yarn was produced in limited scale. In 1940 nylon hosiery was offered to
the public on a national scale.
The emergence of synthetic fibres means that it is now possible to produce
entirely new fibres with desired combinations of properties.
3. Answer the questions
1. Who was the first to visualize the possibility of making an artificial
fibre?
2. Where can one find the discussion of this subject?
3. What was the contribution made by Louis Schwabe to the production of
man- made fibres?
4. Who discovered nitrocellulose?
5. When was the first patent for the production of a man-made fibre
issued?
6. Who is considered to be the "father of the rayon industry"?
7. Is rayon a true man-made fibre?
44
8. What was the first synthetic fibre?
artificial
development
nozzles
synthetic
man-made
cellulose
holes
dissolved
filaments
rayon
nitrocellulose
4. Complete the sentences
1. The first person to propose the idea of producing artificial fibres was …
2. He described his idea in his book …
3. The book was published in …
4. But the first attempt to produce artificial fibre was made in …
5. The practical use of these fibres as textiles was undertaken by …
6. It was a revolution because …
7. The title of “Father of rayon industry” was awarded to …
8. The synthetic fires represent a still greater departure from nature
because…
9. The first samples of nylon were produced in …
10. Its commercial history began in …
5. Translate the sentences
1. Silk being lustrous, fabrics made of it are very attractive.
2. Cotton fibres having been picked, preparatory operations can be started.
3. The fibres are divided into natural and man-made ones, the latter being
sub-divided into rayons and synthetic fibres.
4. Wool being a poor conductor of heat, warmth-giving garments can be
produced from it.
5. Wool fibres being sensitive to heat, articles made from them are not to
be boiled.
6. Silk is obtained from cocoons, the total length of the silk filament from
one cocoon amounting to about 500 yds.
6. Retell the text according to the plan
1. The idea of producing man-made fibres.
2. Two types of man-made fibres.
3. The scientists who made important contribution to the invention of
man- made fibres.
4. The history of nylon.
7. Insert the necessary words into the spaces, some of the words are
odd
1. Robert Hooke, an English scientist, published his book concerning the
possibility of making an … fibre in 1665.
45
2. Two centures later, in 1842, an English silkwear, Louis Schwabe,
artificial
similar
to manufacture
to develop
to occur
alteration
man-made
to happen
change
to create
to produce
like
limited scale
man-made
practically
similar
to solidify
force
natural
theoretically
different
to melt
large scale
weakness
invited a machine used … with fine … through which the liquid was
forced in order to form … .
3. A further development which had a significant impact on the emergence
of … fibres was the discovery of … by C.F. Schonbein, a Swiss chemist, in
1846.
4. In 1855 Audemars of Lausanne obtained … from mulberry twigs and …
it in a mixture of either and alcohol with caoutchouc.
5. Twenty nine years needed for the first … fibre on the base of cellulose
to be produced by Count Hilaire de chardonnet.
8. Put the following words into six groups of synonyms
9. Put the following words into six groups of antonyms
10. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and
word-combinations
отчетливо представлять себе; похожий на; форсунки с мелкими
отверстиями; проталкиваться с силой; принцип устройства; взяться за
дело; затвердевать на воздухе; намотать на катушку; вискоза; натуральное
волокнистое вещество.
11. Put questions to the highlighted words in the bold
1. Robert Hooke included a discussion of the artificial fibre in his book
“micrographia”, published in 1665.
2. The machine exhibited by Louis Schwabe used nozzles similar to
spinnerets used today.
46
3. Audemars of Lausanne obtained nitrocellulose from mulberry twigs
artificial
development
nozzles
holes
filaments
nitrocellulose
rayon
cellulose
synthetic
fibre
nylon
dissolved in a mixture of ether and alcohol with caoutchouc.
4. Count Hilaire de chardonnet produced his first fibre in 1884.
5. The emergence of synthetic fibres made it possible to produce entity
new fibres with desired combination of properties.
12. The words in sentences are jumbled up. Put the words into the best
order
1. Louis Schwabe, a machine, filaments, exhibited, making, artificial, for.
2. This, is, in, of, 1855, British, process, described, patent 283.
3. being, is, a, man-made, on, Rayon, fibre, based, cellulose.
4. of, molecules, fibrous, Chemically, material, was, long-chain, composed.
5. A, later, year, hosiery, nylon, offered, to, on, was, a, scale, public, the,
national.
13. Write a summary of the text. Use the following words
14. Surf the Internet and find out information concerning synthetic
materials with the power to change the world. Prepare presentation about
them
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UNIT 9
Cuprummonium, saponification, compound, spinning
solution, to perforate, size, pulp, to age, polymerization,
monomer
MAN-MADE FIBRES (II)
1. Translate the text
MAN-MADE FIBRES
The main division of man-made fibres is in two types: rayons and synthetic
fibres. Rayons are made by three processes called the viscose, cuprummonium
and saponification processes. They differ in their methods of converting
cellulose into the soluble compound that is converted into filaments, the
cellulose soluble compound being called spinning solution. The spinning
solution being prepared, it is extruded, or spun, through perforated plates, called
spinnerets. They are made of metal alloys such as platinum and iridium or
platinum and gold. They are perforated with circular, concentrically arranged
openings of almost microscopic size (about 0.1 mm in diameter). The size of the
openings governs the size of the filament extruded.
The basic material used for the production of rayon is wood pulp, though
some cotton is used by some makers. The wood is pulped by the sulphite
process and converted into nitrocellulose. This is dissolved in a mixture of
alcohol and ether, and the solution is filtered and then aged. When in proper
condition, the pulp is forced through spinnerets and converted into threads.
48
But rayons cannot be considered as true man-made fibres since they are
produced from naturally occurring fibrous material (cellulose). A further
development in the production of man-made fibres was the emergence of
synthetic fibres. They are made by a chemical process called polymerization, in
which many units of simple chemical substances combine to form large
molecules whose properties are quite different from those of the basic units. For
polymerization to occur, each molecule must contain two potential open ends
and monomer units must join end-to-end into linear polymer. However, if the
monomer contains more than two sites of reaction (e.g. butadiene, phenol), then
netlike (cross-linked) instead of threadlike molecules result.
When certain types of simple compounds are polymerized under special
conditions the units form long chains, long-chain polymers being manufactured
into fibres. The first synthetic fibre to be produced commercially was nylon. It
can be made in a number of ways from carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.
The carbon comes from coal, petroleum or natural gas. Nitrogen and oxygen
come from the air and hydrogen from water.
Man-made fibres have made quite remarkable progress in clothing as well
as in other industries over the past 25 years, the best established use for manmade fibres in clothing industry being, of course, in linings, suits and overcoats.
But no fibre, natural or man-made, is perfect for all uses. Indeed, the very
49
properties that make a fibre suitable in one type of application may reduce its
value in another.
2. Answer the questions
1. What types of man-made fibres do you know?
2. What is the general difference between them?
3. What is spinning solution?
4. What is the way it is converted into filaments?
5. What are spinnerets made of?
6. What is the reason for this?
7. Is rayon a true man-made fibre?
8. Are synthetic fibres true man-made fibres?
9. What raw materials are used for the production of synthetic fibres?
10. Do synthetic fibres replace completely natural fibres?
3. Translate the sentences
1. These fibres being strong, very durable fabrics can be produced from
them.
2. Various fibres can be used for this purpose, natural ones giving more
satisfactory results.
3. The wool fibres having been washed, no dirt remained on them.
4. Fibres used in the textile industry are divided into man-made and
natural, the latter being subdivided into vegetable, animal and mineral.
5. Flax is cultivated in a number of countries, Russia being the largest
producer of it.
6. Wool is the only textile fibre containing sulfur, its amount being equal
to about 3.6 per cent.
7. Wool fibre having been placed under the microscope, we could see its
structure.
8. All fibres used in the textile industry are divided into chemical and
natural, the latter being subdivided into animal and vegetable ones.
9. It is preferable to produce winter garments from fibres being poor
conductors of heat.
10. Wool fibres being sensitive to heat, articles made of them are not to be
boiled.
11. Sheep are raised in several counties, New Zeeland being one of the
greatest sheep-breading regions.
12. Cotton fibres having been picked and baled, preparatory operation can
be started.
4. Complete the sentences
1. The difference between rayons and synthetic fires is that …
2. The first step in the production of man-made fibres is …
3. In order to convert spinning solution into filaments …
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