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Файл:Английский язык. Текстильные волокна. Материаловедение. Учебное пособие
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7. You must be careful in performing this operation.
8. Performing this operation will take you at least one hour.
9. Performing this operation properly matters more than anything else.
10. We cannot avoid cleaning these fibres.
11. Killing insect inside requires a lot of care.
ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
Если слева от герундия стоит существительное или местоимение
(в этом случае местоимение будет в притяжательной форме), то
герундий образует герундиальный оборот. Герундиальный оборот
переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением с союзом
то, что или выражением тот факт, что.
I know nothing of John’s a being ill.
Я ничего не знаю о том, что Джон болен.
John’s being ill prompted us to change our plans.
То, что Джон болен (Тот факт, что Джон болен), заставило нас
изменить наши планы.
We failed to finish our work because of John’s being ill.
Мы не смогли закончить нашу работу из-за того, что Джон болен.
In spite of John’s being ill he attended the lecture.
Несмотря на то, что Джон болен, он пришел на лекцию.
2. Translate the sentences
1. My friend’s speaking English fluently helped us in our trip to London.
2. My friend’s speaking English fluently is due to his attending special
courses.
3. My friend’s having attended these courses makes me think about the
same.
4. There will be a big obstacle to his becoming our manager.
5. The discussion led to our proposal being rejected.
6. Do you resent my being here?
7. The success of our company rests on there being a lot of ICT literate
people here.
8. I am sure of our being able to outperform them.
9. Silk fibre being attractive is highly valued by designers.
10. Natural silk being valued by designers makes it expensive.
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3. Translate the text
SILK
Silk, the only natural animal fibre that does not grow from the skin as a
protective covering, is extruded as a long continuous filament by the silkworm.
Silk filaments are extruded by the silkworms in spinning their cocoons. When
under the microscope, the raw silk fibre is seen as double cylindrical filaments
with slightly varying diameters. When microscopically examined, silk is seen to
consist of two blended strands.
The spinning begins by the insect making first an outer network and then
winding the silk in a continuous thread around its body. The operation of
spinning takes about five days, during which time the insect usually produces
from 2,000 to 3,000 feet of silk.
Within 10 - 12 days after completion of the cocoon, the enclosed insect is
ready to emerge. After moistening one end of the cocoon with enzymes that
partially dissolve the fibres the moth pushes aside the filaments and emerges
from the cocoon, lays its eggs and dies. In performing this operation the insect
cuts the silk filament making it unsuitable for application.
The filaments are held together with an outer covering of gummy secretion
called sericin. It is produced by special glands which extend nearly the whole
length of the body of the silkworm The filaments are solid, smooth and dull
with no lines.
The silk filament being so fine makes it necessary to reel together several
filaments in order to obtain a thread of sufficient size. This is done in large
factories called filatures.
Here the cocoons are placed in basins of hot water near the boiling
temperature. The hot water softens the gum which covers the silk filament and
sets the fibre free. After the end of the silk fibre being found the cocoons are
reeled off into hanks.
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33
A single cocoon of good quality may furnish from 400 to 800 yards of
reelable filament. Silk that has been reeled is known as raw silk. The damaged
cocoons are not thrown away. In spite of their being damaged they are not
considered as waste. They are combed and spun into spun silk.
Owing to the outstanding properties (high strength, lustre, elasticity and
beauty) silk can be successfully used for the production of different kinds of
clothes and for industrial purposes. Silk is highly valued due to its being strong
and possessing natural luster.
4. Answer the questions
1. Is silk an animal fibre?
2. What makes it different from the rest of the animal fibres?
3. What is the length of the silk filament contained in one cocoon?
4. Why are the cocoons steeped in hot water?
5. Where is this operation performed?
6. Is the silk filament fine?
7. Why are several filaments reeled together?
8. What is spun silk?
9. What are the main properties of silk?
10. For what kind of clothes is silk fibre used?
5. Complete the sentences
1. Silk also belongs to animal fibers because …
2. Silk filament the product of …
3. The length of an average silk filament is …
4. The insect inside the cocoon is killed in order …
5. This is done in factories called …
6. The temperature of the water is about …
7. To reel the filament off the cocoon …
8. The damaged silk is called …
9. The silk filament is very fine. That is why …
10. The main properties of silk are …
6. Translate the sentences
1. Finishing the threads is very important in making them uniform and
even.
2. You can study the physical structure of the fibres by observing them
under a microscope.
3. We cannot study the structure of fibres without using a microscope.
4. Flax being the oldest textile fibre is generally accepted.
5. These fibres cannon be spun without some twist being imparted to them.
6. The destruction of the fabric resulted from its having been improperly
treated.
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7. Silk filament being strong resulted in its being suitable for the
filament
to produce
completion
blend
to obtain
to place
outstanding
strong
to emerge
thread
to perform
finish
mix
to appear
to get
to locate
famous
powerful
AS
− как, в качестве
The damaged cocoons are known as
waste silk.
− as you know … насколько вы
знаете … as you know silk is very light
material.
− по мере того, как
As moistening the cocoon with
enzymes the fibres are dissolving.
production of durable fabrics.
8. The outcome of the examination resulted in our having to repeat it
again.
9. Because of its containing many impurities the wool cannot be spun into
yearn.
10. Fibres having no twist makes them unsuitable for spinning into yarn.
7. Retell the text according to the text
1. Silk as a textile fibre.
2. The process of spinning of the silk filament.
3. Properties of the silk filament.
4. Main uses of silk.
8. Put the following words into nine groups of synonyms
9. Learn and understand English link-words. Make-up your own
sentences with “as”
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10. Which of the words in the line has the most general meaning?
origin
appearance
properties
application
Silk
cotton
flax
jute
fibre
leaf
plant
straw
flower
sheep
wool
bread
animal
insect
moth
spider
silkworm
napkin
tablecloth
linen
towel
11. Give the English equivalents to the following Russian words and
word-combinations
выдавливаться; непрерывная нить; внешний; требуется пять дней;
после завершения; увлажнение; раствориться частично; откладывать яйца;
непригодный для применения; под микроскопом; особые железы;
шелкопрядильные фабрика; размягчать клейкое выделение; смотаться в
мотки; шелк-сырец; обладать естественным блеском.
12. You are choosing a fabric for your summer/winter dress. What
would be your choice and why?
13. Copy and complete the table
14. Speak about silk using the above table.
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UNIT 7
Asbestos, to occur, fibril, abrasion, resistant, to inhale, to
insulate, mining, to outlaw, fireproof
ASBESTOS
СОКРАЩЕННЫЙ ГЕРУНДИАЛЬНЫЙ ОБОРОТ
Cокращённый герундиальный оборот − это третий вариант
использования герундия. В этом случае левое существительное
(местоимение) присутствует в неявной форме. Такая ситуация имеет
место, если это существительное (местоимение) занимает позицию
подлежащего, герундий образован от глагола to be, а перед этим
оборотом стоит предлог. Таким образом, между предлогом и
герундием в неявной форме присутствует существительное
(местоимение), находящееся в позиции подлежащего. Имея это в виду,
переводите сокращенный герундиальный оборот как если бы это
существительное (местоимение) стояло бы перед герундием в явной
форме, т. е. как обычный герундиальный оборот.
Study carefully this pattern
On being asked he told the truth.
После того как его спросили, он сказал правду.
Because of being ill he cannot attend the lecture.
Из-за того, что он болен, он не может посетить эту лекцию.
In addition to being a politician he is also a world-class economist.
Кроме того, что он является политиком, он еще и экономист
мирового класса.
Besides being given additional benefits they got an annual bonus.
Помимо того, что им дали дополнительные привилегии, они
получили годовую премию.
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Другой вариант представления сокращенного герундиального
Предлог
Герундиальный
оборот
Подлежащее,
сказуемое и т. д.
Due to
being dirty
wool fibres have to
be washed
Из-за
того, что
шерстяные волокна
являются
грязными,
они должны быть
промыты
Подлежащее,
сказуемое и т.д.
Предлог
Герундиальный
оборот
Chemical fibres are
cut into the desired
staple
without
having been
subjected to the
preparatory operation
Химические
волокна нарезаются
на желательный
штапель
без
того, чтобы они
были подвергнуты
подготовительной
обработке
оборота
Study carefully this pattern
1. Translate the sentences
1. On being picked cotton is thoroughly cleaned.
2. After being compressed the cotton fibres are sent to the spinning mill.
3. On being separated from the seeds the fibres can be subjected to further
treatment.
4. Before being spun the fibre have to be placed in a parallel position.
5. On being prepared the spinning solution is to be forced through
spinnerets.
6. After being picked cotton fibres should be separated from the impurities.
7. After being cleaned the fibres are ready for weaving.
8. On being prepared the spinning solution is to be forced through the
spinnerets.
9. Due to being rather valuable protein fibres are not widely used.
On being compressed into the bales the fibres are sent to the spinning
mills.
10. Before being bleached the fabric cannot be dyed into this colour.
11. This sort of fibres should not be spun into yarns without being sized.
12. Because of having been exposed to an acid the fibres lost some of their
strength.
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13. This fabric cannot be put into commercial production without being
properly tested.
14. On being washed the fibres were placed into a parallel position.
2. Translate the text
ASBESTOS
Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals with visible
fiber composed of millions of microscopic fibrils that can be released
by abrasion and other processes. They are commonly known by their colors
as blue asbestos, brown asbestos, white asbestos, and green asbestos. The term
asbestos derives from the ancient Greek asbestos, with this word meaning
unquenchable or inextinguishable.
Asbestos fibers are soft and flexible yet resistant to heat, electricity and
chemical corrosion. They are known to be an effective insulator, and can also be
mixed into cloth, paper, cement, plastic or other materials to make them
stronger. But unfortunately, asbestos fibres are highly toxic due to its tiny
fibrils. Their being microscopic makes it easy to inhale them without being
aware of it. Asbestos-related illnesses sometimes take up to 20 years to develop.
More than 1,000 tons of asbestos are thought to have been released into the air
following the New York City's World Trade Center collapse on September 11
2001. Inhalation of a mixture of asbestos and other toxicants is thought to be
linked to the unusually high death rate from cancer of emergency service
workers since the disaster.
Asbestos mining existed more than 4,000 years ago, but large-scale mining
began at the end of the 19th century, when manufacturers and builders began
using this mineral for its desirable physical properties: sound absorption,
average tensile strength, affordability, and resistance to fire, heat, and
electricity. In the Russian Empire asbestos production began in the Urals in the
1880s. It was used all over the world in such applications as electrical insulation
or building insulation. When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat,
the fibers are often mixed with cement or woven into fabric or mats. Asbestos
use continued to grow through most of the 20th century until public knowledge
of the health hazards of asbestos dust outlawed asbestos in mainstream
construction and fireproofing in most countries.
Concern of asbestos-related illness in modern times began with the 20th
century, Canada remaining the biggest producer of it. By the 1980s and 1990s,
asbestos trade and use were heavily restricted, phased out, or banned outright in
an increasing number of countries. But only in September 2012, the government
of Canada halted the last Quebec asbestos mining.
3. Answer the questions
1. To what class of natural fibres does asbestos belong?
2. What have you learnt about the etymology of this fibre?
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3. When was the modern use of asbestos begun?
4. What do we see examining asbestos under a microscope?
5. What is the main property of asbestos?
6. Where is this property used?
7. Is asbestos used in blends?
8. What are the main industrial uses of asbestos?
9. What country was the largest producer of asbestos?
10. Why is it harmful?
4. Translate the sentences
1. Apple became the world’s most valuable company by being creative.
2. They credited Poirot with being the best detective.
3. He was not alone in being kept in the dark.
4. On being picked cotton is thoroughly cleaned.
5. Before being spun the fibres must be put in a parallel position.
6. After being prepared the yarns are ready for weaving.
7. Because of being brittle asbestos is often blended with cotton.
8. This fabric cannot be put into commercial production without being
9. properly tested.
10. He is accustomed to being heard and heeded.
11. Their company is close to being the largest in the world.
5. Complete the sentences
1. Asbestos is considered a mineral fibre because …
2. Its main property is …
3. That is why its main application is …
4. Its appearance is similar to …
5. Asbestos is brittle. That is why its handling should be …
6. Until recently asbestos was wide used because …
7. When mixed with cement asbestos can be used for …
8. The main manufactures of asbestos are …
9. In the 1970s and 1980s asbestos became controversial because …
10. That is why its production …
6. Retell the text according to the plan
1. Physical properties of asbestos.
2. The beginning of the modern use of the fibre.
3. Textile application of asbestos.
4. Industrial uses of asbestos.
7. Make use of the internet resources to find out whether asbestos is
used nowadays and if so in what fields of human activity
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