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Файл:Английский язык. Текстильные волокна. Материаловедение. Учебное пособие
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5. Sugar cane
6. Sugar cane growing
7. Cane sugar
8. Cane sugar production
9. Cane sugar production growth
10. Interest rate
11. Interest rate decline
12. Interest rate decline causes
13. The company management
14. Consumer goods
15. Consumer goods quality
16. Consumer goods production
17. Consumer goods production growth
18. Consumer goods production growth rate
19. Ozone hole
20. Ozone hole extension
21. Ozone hole extension measurements
MODAL VERBS
1. Translate the sentences
1. These fibres must be spun into yarn.
2. You have to be careful in accomplishing this operation.
3. Man-made fibres cannot be ironed with hot iron.
4. They were unable to perform this operation.
5. You should remember that synthetic fabrics are sensitive to heat.
6. They succeeded in imparting these fibres additional lustre.
7. These fibres are to be tested carefully.
8. Much work is to be done in this field.
2. Translate the sentences
1. We had to test these fibres earlier.
2. How can we achieve these goals?
3. Why should I ask him about his trip?
4. He will have to show up tomorrow.
5. I won’t be able to translate this document without dictionary.
6. Did they succeed in buying new equipment?
7. He had to acknowledge his failures earlier.
8. She was allowed not to attend the meeting.
9. He said he would be unable to arrive in time.
10. We had to test these fibres earlier.
11. How can we achieve these goals?
12. Why should I ask him about his trip?
13. He will have to show up tomorrow.
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14. I won’t be able to translate this document without dictionary.
15. Did they succeed in buying new equipment?
16. He had to acknowledge his failures earlier.
17. She was allowed not to attend the meeting.
18. He said he would be unable to arrive in time.
19. All of the documents should be ready for signing tomorrow.
20. All of the documents should be ready for signing tomorrow.
3. Transform the sentences into Past Simple and Future
1. You must retell this text.
2. We can translate this text without dictionary.
3. You may come a bit later.
4. Translate the sentences
1. These fibres must be spun into yarn.
2. You have to be careful in accomplishing this operation.
3. Man-made fibres cannot be ironed with hot iron.
4. They were unable to perform this operation.
5. You should remember that synthetic fabrics are sensitive to heat.
6. They succeeded in imparting these fibres additional lustre.
7. These fibres are to be tested carefully.
8. Much work is to be done in this field.
PARTICIPLES
1. Translate the sentences
1. Fabrics produced from cotton fibres are used for the production of
summer garments.
2. These fabrics are produced from silk; that is why they are so attractive.
3. The cotton fibres picked manually are of better quality.
4. These fibres are subjected to the process of mercerization.
5. Natural fibres are divided into vegetable, animal and mineral.
6. Man-made fibres manufactured from cellulose are called rayons.
7. Man-made fibres called synthetic are produced by polymerization.
8. The length of silk filament contained in one cocoon is about 500 yards.
2. Translate the sentences
1. The yarn spun from these fibres is of good quality.
2. Fabrics woven from silk filament are very attractive.
3. These fibres are made into continuous yarn and then are woven into
1. fabrics.
4. The kind of fabric known as felt is made from wool.
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5. The cotton plant is grown as an annual.
6. Cotton garments are widely worn in countries with hot climate.
7. Cotton was brought into Europe by the Arabs.
8. These fibres are found unsuitable for spinning.
3. Translate the sentences
1. The fibres used for our purpose will be tested carefully.
2. The finish imparted for the fabric made it very attractive.
3. The assistant performing the test takes notes of the data obtained.
4. Fabrics employed for outer garments should be very resistant.
5. These fabric samples lying on the table have been already tested.
6. The impurities adhering to the fibres should be removed.
7. The introduced shuttle must greatly decrease the level of noise in the
shop.
8. The fibres compressed into bales are ready to be transported to the
spinning mill.
9. The spool containing the weft threads must be put into the shuttle.
10. There are many types of weaves employed for the production of
fabrics.
11. We cannot spin fibres having no natural twist.
12. Skilled operators can attend to from 20 to 40 looms.
13. We have to wash the wool fibres containing dirt and fat.
14. The fibres belonging to the natural class of fibres are subdivided into
vegetable and animal ones.
15. Mercerized fibres possess additional luster.
16. The fibres having sufficient strength will be suitable for our purpose.
17. These are the chemicals requiring careful handling.
4. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Participle I
1. Having been freed from the outer covering the silk filaments can be
reeled off the cocoons into hanks.
2. Being joined into one continuous line the machines can operate the
fibres without any assistance of man.
3. The shuttle moves through the shed carrying the weft from one side of
the warp to another.
4. The lustre of the fabric resulting from this treatment substantially
increased its attractiveness.
5. This is the process giving the most effective results with this kind of
fibres.
6. The chemicals being employed for this treatment require careful
handling.
7. The seeds of the cotton plant adhering to the fibres must be removed.
8. The fibres having low tensile strength cannot be used for this purpose.
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9. The knitting machine makes the yarn into loops and connects them
producing knitted fabric.
10. The workers were baling the cotton preparing it for sending to the
spinning mills.
11. He showed us the new material explaining the method of its
production.
12. We can make this loom more efficient increasing its speed and
reducing the stoppage time.
13. Having been brought into Europe cotton was considered to be a very
rare fabric.
14. Having been separated from the seeds the fabric can be spun into yarn.
15. The spool containing the weft thread should be placed into the shuttle.
16. Wool being a poor conductor of heat, winter garment can be produced
from it.
17. The fleece having been sorted and washed spinneng operation can take
place.
18. Wool is the only textile fibre containing sulfer, its amount being equal
to about 3.6 per cent.
19. The reed beats up the weft threads completing the weaving operation.
20. The engineer examined the new loom asking questions about its
characteristics.
21. Wool fibre having been placed under the microscope, we could see its
structure.
22. We can produce more durable knitted fabrics imparting them non-
laddering qualities.
23. Woven fabrics are produced in different weaves, there being many
hundreds of different types of weaves.
24. All fibres used in the textile industry are divided into chemical and
natural, the latter being subdivided into animal and vegetable ones.
25. It is preferable to produce winter garments from fibres being poor
conductors of heat.
26. The side of the knitted fabric showing all kinds of imperfections is
called revers.
27. The loom changing its shuttles without any assistance of the operator
can be considered as completely automatic.
28. Wool fibres being sensitive to heat, articles made of them are not to be
boiled.
29. Sheep are raised in several counties, New Zealand being one of the
greatest sheep-breading regions.
30. The part of the loom beating up the weft threads is called the read.
31. Silk is obtained from the silkworm cocoons, the total length of one silk
filament amounting to about 500 yds.
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32. The type of weave consisting of one pick over and one pick under the
warp is called plain weave.
33. Man-made fibres are divided into rayons and synthetic ones, the latter
being true man-made fibres.
34. The shuttle is the part of the loom carrying the weft threed across the
warp.
5. Translate the sentences
1. Containing natural proteins cotton can be used for the production of
man-made fibres.
2. Having been picked cotton fibres are to be baled.
3. Being viscous the spinning solution is easily forced through the
spinnerets.
4. Absorbing no moisture synthetic fibres cannot be considered to be
suitable for the production of undergarments.
5. Possessing good absorbing power linen is widely used for towels.
6. Being unsuitable for the immediate conversion into yarn natural fibres
are usually subjected to a number of preparatory operations.
7. Having been picked and baled the cotton was sent to the spinning mill.
8. Having been boiled the cocoons can be wound off into hanks.
9. Possessing impurities cotton fibres cannot be immediately spun into
yarns.
10. Having combined the best characteristics of the existing looms the
inventors produced a type of loom with greater productivity.
11. Having been compressed into bales the fibres can be transformed into
sliver.
12. Having been picked cotton must be thoroughly cleaned.
13. Having been separated from the seeds cotton fibres can be subjected to
further treatment.
14. Having been gathered the cocoons are baked or steamed in order to kill
the insect inside the cocoons.
6. Translate the sentences
1. Spinning solution having been prepared, we can transform it into
filaments.
2. Spinning solution is easily transformed into continuous filaments, the
device called spinnerets being used for this purpose.
3. Silk filament being lustrous, fabrics made of it are very attractive.
4. The silkworm having enveloped itself in a cocoon, it was time to pick
the cocoons.
5. The wool having been washed, no dirt remains on it.
6. The cocoons having been gathered, it was time to steep them into hot
water.
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7. Baking and steaming being very important processes, one has to be
careful in accomplishing them.
8. The fibres are divided into natural and man-made, the latter being
subdivided into rayons and synthetic fibres.
9. The spinning solution being viscous, it is easy to force it through the
spinnerets.
10. Cotton fibres having been picked and baled, preparatory operation can
be started.
7. Translate the sentences
1. When sorted wool fibres can be subjected to washing.
2. Though difficult the problem will be overcome.
3. While prepared the solution was stirred without interruption.
4. If exposed to sunlight the fabric will lose its colour.
5. When examined the fibres were subjected to a number of tests.
6. While examining the samples they discovered some minor defects on
them.
7. While performing this operation we were very careful.
8. If subjected to tension the fibre will certainly break.
9. While handling the acids you should be very careful.
10. Though separated from the seeds the fibres still contain some
impurities.
8. Translate the sentences
1. The fibres used for our purpose have to be tested carefully.
2. The finish imparted for the fabric made it very attractive.
3. Fabrics employed for outer garments should be very resistant.
4. Skilled operators can attend to from 20 to 40 looms.
5. The introduced shuttle must greatly decrease the level of noise in the
shop.
6. The fibres compressed into bales are ready to be transported to the
spinning mill.
7. Mercerized fibres possess additional luster.
8. There are many types of weaves employed for the production of fabrics.
9. The set of yarns placed into shuttle is called weft or filling.
10. The warp and filling yarns interlaced at right angle produce the fabric.
11. The clothing intended for summer wear must be made from fabrics
possessing good heat conductivity and absorbency.
12. The prepared spinning solution will be forced through the spinnerets.
13. The desired qualities cannot be obtained by these techniques.
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9. Translate the sentences
1. The fibres being based upon natural proteins are called rayons.
2. The impurities adhering to the fibres should be removed.
3. We have to wash the wool fibres containing dirt and fat.
4. The fibres belonging to the natural class of fibres are subdivided into
vegetable and animal ones.
5. The spool containing the weft threads must be put into the shuttle.
6. The fibres having sufficient strength will be suitable for our purpose.
7. We cannot spin fibres having no natural twist.
8. These are the chemicals requiring careful handling.
10. Translate the sentences
1. Containing natural proteins cotton can be used for the production of
man-made fibres.
2. Having been picked cotton fibres are to be baled.
3. Being viscous the spinning solution is easily forced through the
spinnerets.
4. Absorbing no moisture synthetic fibres cannot be considered to be
suitable for the production of undergarments.
5. Possessing good absorbing power linen is widely used for towels.
6. Being unsuitable for the immediate conversion into yarn natural fibres
are usually subjected to a number of preparatory operations.
7. Having been picked and baled the cotton was sent to the spinning mill.
8. Having been boiled the cocoons can be wound off into hanks.
9. Possessing impurities cotton fibres cannot be immediately spun into
yarns.
10. Having combined the best characteristics of the existing looms the
inventors produced a type of loom with greater productivity.
11. Translate the sentences
1. Spinning solution having been prepared, we can transform it into
filaments.
2. Spinning solution is easily transformed into continuous filaments, the
device called spinnerets being used for this purpose.
3. Silk filament being lustrous, fabrics made of it are very attractive.
4. The silkworm having enveloped itself in a cocoon, it was time to pick
the cocoons.
5. The wool having been washed, no dirt remains on it.
6. The cocoons having been gathered, it was time to steep them into hot
water.
7. Baking and steaming being very important processes, one has to be
careful in accomplishing them.
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8. The fibres are divided into natural and man-made, the latter being
subdivided into rayons and synthetic fibres.
9. The spinning solution being viscous, it is easy to force it through the
spinnerets.
10. Cotton fibres having been picked and baled, preparatory operation can
be started.
12. Translate the sentences
1. Spinning solution having been prepared, we can transform it into
filaments.
2. Silk filament being lustrous, fabrics made of it are very attractive.
3. The silkworm having enveloped itself in a cocoon, it was time to pick
the cocoons.
4. Baking and steaming being very important processes, one has to be
careful in accomplishing them.
5. The fibres are divided into natural and man-made ones, the latter being
subdivided into rayons and synthetic fibres.
6. The spinning solution being viscous, it is easy to force it through the
spinneret.
7. Cotton fibres having been picked and baled, preparatory operation can
be started.
8. The wool having been washed, no dirt remains on it.
9. Wool being a poor conductor of heat, winter garmants can be produced
from it.
10. Woven fabrics are produced in different weaves, there being many
hundreds of different types of them.
INFINITIVES
1. Translate the sentences
1. We know natural fibres to be divided into vegetable and animal ones.
2. We know cotton to have been brought into Europe by the Arabs.
3. The Greeks considered cotton to be produced by a tree.
4. They thought cotton to be tree wool.
5. We know this fibre to possess high strength.
6. We consider these fibres to be suitable for our purpose.
7. I know John to live in London.
8. We consider John to be a leading authority in this field.
9. We know this book to be prepared for publication.
10. He considers this book to contain a lot of practical information.
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2. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the construction “Complex
Object with the Infinitive” with the objective pronouns
1. I know them to have examined these fibres.
2. We consider them to be suitable for industrial fabrics.
3. I know her to be a fluent speaker of English.
4. I know her to have lived in London for two years.
5. We know him to have performed an important test.
6. We know him to prepare a new one.
7. I know them to follow carefully the results of the test.
8. I know it to be a complicated one.
9. I consider them to be the winners of the contest.
10. I consider him to be the inventor of the new techniques.
3. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the construction “Complex
Object with the Infinitive” (verbs of physical perception)
1. We saw John enter the conference hall.
2. I heard him speaking over the telephone with the manager.
3. I watched him arrive by taxi at 10.
4. I observed his aid take his luggage from the taxi.
5. He heard them discuss the plan during the break.
6. Have you noticed anybody enter the building?
7. Did you see him attend the lectures yesterday?
8. I saw our manager go downstairs.
9. The surprised visitors saw him come in sight.
10. I saw them examine the fibres under the microscope.
4. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the construction “Complex
Object with the Infinitive” (verbs of wish and desire)
1. We want these fibres to be subjected to the process of mercerization.
2. The engineer asked us to study the chemical properties of these fibres.
3. We want these fibres to be produced in large quantities.
4. I would like this fabric to be tested properly.
5. They want us to test this fibre for strength.
6. We think this technique to be helpful in our work.
7. Our manager wants this equipment to be purchased for our plant.
8. We would like him to take part in our research.
9. Our CEO wants him to be invited to our laboratory.
10. The management demanded this project to be completed on time.
5. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the construction “Complex
Subject with the Infinitive”
1. Linen is supposed to be the oldest textile fibre.
2. Flax is said to have been cultivated in Egypt 5000 years ago.
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3. The cultivation of flax is known to have been illustrated on the walls of
the Egyptian palaces.
4. The use of linen seems to have spread from Egypt to Greece.
5. The Romans are said to have considered linen as great luxury.
6. Linen is considered to be unexcelled for household requirements.
7. The production of flax fibres is known to be somewhat expensive.
8. Cotton is said to be used for radio insulation.
9. Cotton is considered to be one of the most important raw materials for
textile industry.
10. Cotton seems to have been grown in China 40 centuries ago.
6. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Infinitive as the
adverbal modifier of purpose
1. To transform wool into felt heat and pressure are necessary.
2. To produce warmth-giving garments we must use fabrics which are poor
conductors of heat.
3. The fibres were subjected to cleaning to prepare them for spinning.
4. To increase the field of application of chemical fibres the latter are
usually mixed with natural ones.
5. To soften the silk gum the cocoons should be steeped into hot water.
6. The loom is the machine which is used to produce woven fabrics.
7. To beat up the weft threads special device called the reed is used.
8. To transform the yarns into fabrics we must knit or weave them.
9. The shuttle is the device which is used to carry the weft across the warp
yarns.
10. To serve this purpose well the fabrics must be strong and absorb
moisture.
7. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Infinitive as an
attribute
1. The fibres to be used for this purpose should be mercerized.
2. The kind of finish to be imparted to this fabric can be achieved by this
treatment.
3. Man-made filaments to be transformed into fabrics are usually cut into
desired staple.
4. Fabric to be used for outer garments should be subjected to this
treatment.
5. The cocoons to be wound off are previously kept in hot water.
6. The threads to be used as warp are held in position on the loom.
7. All of the looms to be employed for mass production will be automatic.
8. Qualified operators will attend to the looms to be intended for first
quality articles.
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