Английский язык. Стандартизация и метрология. Учебное пособие

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ ФГБОУ ВО

«ВОРОНЕЖСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИНЖЕНЕРНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ»

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Л.Ю. ВИТРУК, И.Б. КОШЕВАРОВА, Л.И. ЛАРИНА, А.А. ОКСЮТА

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК: стандартизация и метрология

(Б АКАЛАВ РИАТ )

ENGLISH: standardization and metrology

(for bachelors)

Утверждено редакционно-издательским советом университета

в качестве учебного пособия

ВОРОНЕЖ

2015

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УДК 43:389.6 ББК Ш12=432.4, 51я7+л80я7

A64

Научный редактор доцент Е.А. ЧИГИРИН

Р е ц е н з е н т ы:

кафедра иностранных языков и деловой международной коммуникации Воронежского государственного аграрного университета;

канд. филол. наук И.Н. ПУТОВА (Военный учебно-научный центр Военно-воздушных сил

«Военно-воздушная академия»)

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета

Воронежского государственного университета инженерных технологий

Английский язык: стандартизация и метрология. [Текст]: A64 учеб. пособ. / Л.Ю. Витрук, И.Б. Кошеварова, Л.И. Ларина, А.А. Оксюта; Воронеж. гос. ун-т инж. технол.– Воронеж:

ВГУИТ, 2015. – 87 с. ISBN 978-5-00032-152-2

Оригинал-макет данного издания является собственностью Воронежского государственного университета инженерных технологий, его репродуцирование (воспроизведение) любым способом без согласия университета запрещается.

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Изучение дисциплины «Иностранный язык» (английский язык) формирует у выпускников следующие компетенции по направлениям 27.03.01 – «Стандартизация и метрология»: ОК-17

– способность к письменной и устной коммуникации на государственном языке, знание второго языка; 27.03.02 – «Управление качеством»: ОК-15 – способность пользоваться одним из иностранных языков на уровне не ниже разговорного.

Цель – научить студентов самостоятельно читать и понимать оригинальную литературу по направлению подготовки, вести поиск необходимой информации в научной литературе на английском языке, совершенствовать навыки перевода и умения

грамматические упражнения и список мер измерения.

Пособие может быть использовано студентами заочной формы обучения.

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PART I.

STANDARDIZATION

(ОК – 15, ОК - 17)

1.Запомните следующие слова и выражения: requirements — требования;

specification – спецификация, нормировка, технические требования;

guideline – руководство, принцип, норма;

ISO – International Standards Organization (международная организация по стандартизации);

benefit- преимущество, польза; access – иметь доступ;

issue – издавать, выпускать, выдавать; three pillars – три кита;

authoritative – авторитетный, надежный; uncertainty – неопределенность, сомнение; calibration – калибровка, эталонирование; accept – принимать;

implement –осуществлять;

to meet the needs – отвечать требованиям; boundary – граница;

risk assessment – оценка риска;

supply chain – логистическая цепочка, система снабжения; alleviate – облегчать, ослаблять;

scarcity — дефицит; impact — воздействие.

2.Переведите на русский язык следующие производные. Require – requirements; certain – uncertain – uncertainty – certainly; depend – dependent – independent – independently; specify –

specifiс– specification; measure – measurement; produce – producer – production – productive, assess - assessment.

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3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Standards

A standard is a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.

The ideal standard is independently reproducible without uncertainty. This is what the creators of the “meter” length standard were attempting to do in the 19th century when they defined a meter as one-millionth of the distance from the equator to one of the Earth’s poles. Later, it was learned that the Earth’s surface is an unreliable basis for a standard. The Earth is not spherical and is constantly changing in shape. But the special alloy meter bars that were created and accepted in that period standardized international length measurement until the 1950s. Careful calibrations allowed tolerances as small as 10 parts per million to be distributed and reproduced in metrology laboratories worldwide, regardless of whether the rest of the metric system was implemented and in spite of the shortfalls of the meter’s original basis.

Currently only five independent units of measure are internationally recognized: temperature interval, linear distance, electric current, frequency and mass. All measurements of all types are based on one or more of these independent units.

In addition to standards created by national and international standards organizations, many large and small industrial companies also define metrology standards and procedures to meet their particular needs for technically and economically competitive manufacturing. These standards and procedures also address the issues of what specific instrument technology will be used to measure each quantity, how often each quantity will be measured, and which definition of each quantity will be used as the basis for accomplishing the process control that their manufacturing and product specifications require.

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Grammar.

Цепочка существительных – это вид словосочетания,

представляющий собой ряд трех или более существительных, определяющих одно понятие. В таких словосочетаниях главное существительное стоит всегда в конце цепочки, а все предшествующие слова, связанные с , нимявляются определениями.

Существительные, выступающие в роли определения, переводятся:

·существительным в родительном падеже: saturation pressure – давление насыщения, pump modification – доработка насоса, an institute building - здание института;

·прилагательным:

a pump house – насосная станция, light waves - световые волны;

·предложным оборотом:

an exchange contract – договор об обмене;

·причастным оборотом:

war damage - ущерб, нанесенный войной.

·home market | prices - цены внутреннего рынка.

Слово home определяет market (внутренний рынок), но в конечном счете оба слова определяют последнее словоprices.

4. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание на перевод существительного в функции левого определения.

Theoretical aspects, a measurement standard, a quality management system, product certification, one-day training course, information technology, International Standards Organization, an economical cost.

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5. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

ISO Standards in Action

Part I

ISO International Standards ensure that products and services are safe, reliable and of good quality. For business, they are strategic tools that reduce costs by minimizing waste and errors, and increasing productivity. They help companies to access new markets, level the playing field for developing countries and facilitate free and fair global trade.

ISO International Standards provide practical tools for tackling many of today’s global challenges, from managing global water resources to improving the safety of the food we eat.

Rio de Janeiro’s 1992 conference put sustainable development clearly on the political agenda. Twenty years on at the Rio+20 event held in June 2012, the international community met again to discuss these issues and drive progress forward. Many of ISO’s 19 000 standards can help businesses and organizations all over the world make progress in the three pillars of sustainable development – the environment, economy and society.

a.What are the benefits of ISO International Standards?

b.What are the three pillars of sustainable development?

c.What for did the International community meet in June 2012?

6. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

ISO Standards in Action

Part II

Food. Today more than ever, food products regularly cross national boundaries at every stage of the supply chain. ISO International Standards create confidence in the products we eat or drink by ensuring the world uses the same recipe when it comes to food quality, safety and efficiency. Out of more than 19000 ISO International Standards, some 1000 are specifically dedicated to food,

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and deal with subjects as diverse as agricultural machinery, logistics, transportation, manufacturing, labelling, packaging and storage.

Water. Few challenges are more global than water. ISO provides global tools to help us manage our shared water resources equitably and durably. ISO water standards build confidence through consensus-based global solutions for good business practice, management of resources, risk assessment, metrics and infrastructure. They facilitate sustainable water management and increase water potential, helping alleviate water scarcity and contributing to achieving the UN's Millennium Development Goals.

Cars. ISO standards for the automotive industry cover all aspects: safety, ergonomics, performance, test methods, the environment, and the roll-out of innovative technologies. Clearly, with more than a billion estimated road vehicles in use worldwide, if the automotive sector uses state-of-the-art standards for aspects such as safety, impact on the environment, and requirements for supply chain partners, this can have an enormous impact on all three dimensions of sustainable development – social, environmental and economic.

Climate change. Climate change is the major environmental challenge of our time. Global action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as adapt to the changes that cannot be avoided. ISO International Standards can help tackle climate change in a number of ways. For example, we have standards for measuring greenhouse gas emissions as well as verifying claims made about them, in addition to standards that focus on environmental and energy management.

Energy efficiency and renewables. Reducing energy consumption and the dependency on fossil fuels is a major challenge. Governments, organizations and corporations around the world must work together in order to move towards a more sustainable future. ISO International Standards can help solve the energy challenge by increasing energy efficiency, and promoting the development of renewable energy technologies.

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Services. Services represent more than two thirds of World Gross Domestic Product (GDP), according to the World Trade Organization. They are a core economic activity, contributing more to GDP than both industry and agriculture combined. ISO develops International Standards that help ensure that services are of a consistent, high quality.

Health. Access to health services, quality care, and safe medical practices and equipment is important to people everywhere. There are over 1200 standards that focus on health in many sectors, ranging from dentistry to medical devices, and health informatics to traditional medicines. These standards can help in many ways. For example, by increasing health care efficiency, by improving the quality of care and protecting the health and safety of patients and health care providers.

7. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания.

а) Global trade, risk assessment, water scarcity, environmental and energy management, energy consumption, health services, safe medical practices, ranging from dentistry to medical devices;

б) Sustainable water management, greenhouse gas emissions, UN's Millennium Development Goals, renewable energy technologies, health care efficiency.

8. Прочитайте текст и составьте к нему аннотацию.

Modern standards

Currently, five independent units of measure are internationally recognized: temperature interval, linear distance, electrical current, frequency and mass. Any measurement can be based on one or more of these measurement units. To supplement these five, two units of angle measurement that are also independent are recognized. For example, Ohm's law is a widely known concept in electrical study. Of the three units of measure involved, only current (ampere) is an independent unit. Voltage and

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resistance units are dependent on current units, as defined by Ohm's law.

It is believed that each of independent units of measure will be defined in terms of the other four independent units eventually. Length (metre) and time (second) are already connected this way. If an accurate time base is available, then a length standard can be reproduced without a metre bar artifact, using the known constant speed of light. Lesser known is the relationship between the luminance (candela) and current (ampere). The candela is defined in terms of the watt, which in turn is derived from the ampere.

In the United States, ASTM Standard Practice E 380, replaced by IEEE/ASTM SI10, adapts independent unit of measure theory to practical measurement activity. Non-commercial measurement details used to be academic curiosities. However, engineering, manufacturing and ordinary living now routinely challenge the limits of measurement. The development of standards follows the needs of technology. As a result, some units of measure have much more resolution than others. The second is reproducible to 1 part in 1014. As it became possible to measure time more precisely, solar time, believed to be a constant, proved to be very slightly irregular. This resulted in leap second adjustments to keep UTC synchronised with solar time.

The candela standard is difficult to recreate. An incandescent bulb design must be used as a secondary standard a supplementary standard, a transfer standard. These special candela standard bulbs recreate the candela when a specific amount of current is applied. Luminance (candela) can only be reproduced to 5 % of reading despite having sensors that have accuracies of around 50 parts per million (0.005 %) precision. This is due to the standard not being accurately reproducible.

Temperature (kelvin) is defined by agreed fixed points. These points are defined by the state changes of nearly pure materials, generally as they move from liquid to solid. Between these fixed points, Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers (SPRTs), constructed in a specified manner, are used to interpolate temperature

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