Английский язык. Система подготовки студентов факультета экономики и управления к сдаче Федерального интернет-экзамена в сфере профессионального образ

МОСКОВСКИЙ ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Система подготовки студентов факультета экономики

иуправления к сдаче Федерального интернет-экзамена

всфере профессионального образования

Учебно-методическое пособие

Авторы-составители И. С. Захарова, Ю. С. Кильченко

Издательство Московского гуманитарного университета 2015

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ТЕКСТЫ

INSURANCE

1.Insurance plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Life insurance offers protection against the economic impact of an untimely death; health insurance covers the sometimes extraordinary costs of medical care; and bank deposits are insured by the federal government. In each case a small premium is paid by the insured to receive benefits should an unlikely but high-cost event occur.

2.An understanding of insurance must begin with the concept of risk, or the variation of possible outcomes of a situation. A shipment of goods to Europe might arrive safely or might be lost in transit. A person may incur zero medical expenses in a good year, but if he is struck by a car, they could be upward of $ 100,000.

3.We cannot eliminate risk from life, even at exraordinary expense. Paying extra for double-hulled tankers still leaves oil spills possible. The only way to eliminate auto-related injuries is to eliminate automobiles. Thus, the effective response to risl combines two elements: efforts or expenditures to lessen the risk, and the purchase of insurance against the risk that remains.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

Bank deposits are insured by the state in some countries.

The insured pays a small sum of money for the insurance.

Health insurance is provided by the federal government.

The insured pays a big sum of money for the insurance.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

The effective reaction to the risk is…

paying extra money for safety

elimination of insurance against it

the acquisition of insurance against it

the attempts to lessen the risk

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Ответьте на вопрос.

Who pays a premium to get insurance?

The government does.

The insurance company does.

The insured does.

The bank does.

Определите основную идею текста.

You can eliminate risk by eradicating the cause of the risk.

Health insurance can cover extraordinary costs of medical

care.

The risk cannot be eliminated from our life.

Paying a small premium for insurance can protect you from high expenses in future.

HYPERINFLATION

1.Inflation is a sustained increase in the aggregate price level. Economists generally reserve the term hyperinflation to describe episodes where the monthly inflation rate is greater than 50 per cent.

2.Hyperinflations are largely a twentieth-century phenomenon. The most widely studied hyperinflation occurred in Germany after World War I. The ratio of the German price index in November 1923 to the price index in August 1922 — just fifteen months earlier — was 1.02 x 1010. This huge number amounts to a monthly inflation rate of 322 per cent.

3.Hyperinflations are caused by extremely rapid growth in the supply of “paper” money. They occur when the monetary and fiscal authorities of a nation regularly issue large quantities of money to pay for a large stream of government expenditures. In effect, inflation is a form of taxation where the government gains at the expense of those who hold money whose value is declining. Hyperinflations are, therefore, very large taxation schemes.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

Hyperinflation was a common phenomenon in the 20th century.

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Hyperinflations are caused by rapid growth of industry.

Hyperinflation describes the situation where a very large and rapid price rises occur.

Hyperinflation occurred in Germany after World War II.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

The term hyperinflation is used when…

the monthly inflation rate is more than 50 per cent

the monthly inflation rate is about 60 per cent

the monthly inflation rate is less than 50 per cent

governments increase prices

Ответьте на вопрос.

What is hyperinflation caused by?

It is caused by rapid growth of tax rates.

It is caused by rapid growth of industry.

It is caused by issuing large amounts of government documents.

It is caused by issuing large amounts of paper money to pay for government expenses.

Определите основную идею текста.

Hyperinflations were often used by 20th century governments to get money from enterprises.

Hyperinflation is an economic phenomenon of the 20th century.

Hyperinflations were often used by 20th century governments as taxation schemes.

Hyperinflation is a phenomenon widely studied by economists.

WORLD BANK

1. World Bank or International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is a multinational institution set up in 1947 to provide economic aid to member countries — mainly developing countries — to strengthen their economics. The Bank has supported a wide range of long-term investments including infrastructure projects such as roads, telecommunications and electricity supply; agriculture and industrial

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projects including the establishment of new industries, as well as social, training and educational programmes.

2.TheBank’sfundscomelargelyfromthedevelopedcountries,butitalso raises money on international capital markets. The Bank operates according to ‘business principles’ lending at commercial rates of interest only to those governments it feels are capable of servicing and repaying their debts.

3.In1960,however,itestablishedanaffiliateagency,theInternational Development Association, to provide low-interest loans to its poorer members.AnotheraffiliateoftheWorldBankistheInternationalFinance Corporation which can invest directly in companies by acquiring shares.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

World Bank has invested in long-term projects in the developing countries.

World Bank raises money on home capital markets.

World Bank has invested in important spheres of economy of the developing countries.

World Bank lends low-interest loans to the developed countries.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

World Bank’s funds come from…

the developing countries

international markets

the developed countries

home markets

Ответьте на вопрос.

What are business principles of World Bank?

The Bank lends money at commercial rates of interest to the countries whether they are capable of repaying their debts or not.

The Bank lends money at commercial rates of interest to the countries which are capable of repaying their debts.

The Bank lends money at low rates of interest to the countries which are capable of repaying their debts.

The Bank lends money at low rates of interest to the countries whether they are capable of repaying their debts or not.

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Определите основную идею текста.

World Bank lends money to the governments of the developing countries if they are capable of repaying their debts.

The goal of the International Development Association is to provide low-interest loans to developing countries.

The goal of the International Finance Corporation is to support developing countries by investing directly in companies.

The goal of World Bank and its affiliate agencies.

PLANNED ECONOMIES

1.Planned economies are sometimes called “command economies” because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.

2.Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.

3.Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives, which, if met, allow the nation’s overall aim to be reached.

4.A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people’s tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced.

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Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

All countries with planned economies have the same system.

A major problem of planned economies is inability to predict consumers’ demand.

Outofdateandunattractiveproductsareusuallyunderproduced.

Industries of planned economies can produce the goods and services they want.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

In planned economies industries…

own natural resources.

meet a production target.

consider people’s demands.

decide what to produce.

Ответьте на вопрос.

What causes delays and queues for some products?

Consumers’ demands do.

Underproduction of some goods does.

Consumers’ decisions do.

Overproduction of some goods do.

Определите основную идею текста.

Command economies slowly when respond to changes in people’s tastes and fashions which leads to unproduction.

A planned economy is a command economy with central planning and direction of the government.

Industries of the planned economies are set out production targets to meet in the five-year plan.

A planned economy when the government takes all important decisions can lead to delays and queues.

MIXED ECONOMIES

1. A mixed economy contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restitutions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy.

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2.In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers. Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed. Some countries are nearer to command economies, whilst others are closer to free market economies.

3.The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. So, in mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defence, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.

4.The UK is a country with mixed economy. Some services are provided by the state (for example, health care and defence) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

All the economies of the world are command ones.

A planned economy combines features of mixed and market economies.

In Great Britain health care is supported by the government.

A mixed economy can be called a command economy.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

In mixed economies the government…

controls resources, taxation, public health and defence

controls the demands of consumers in the country

makes all economic decisions in the country

lets private companies have their own decisions in all the spheres of economy

Ответьте на вопрос.

What is the purpose of mixed economy?

Its purpose is to avoid the disadvantages of market and planned economies and to use the advantages these economies both have.

Its purpose is to avoid the benefits that both market and planned economies offer and to use their strong points.

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