Английский язык. Система подготовки студентов факультета экономики и управления к сдаче Федерального интернет-экзамена в сфере профессионального образ

Its purpose is to use the disadvantages of market and planned economies while enjoying their strong points.

Its purpose is to use both the advantages and disadvantages of market and planned economies.

Определите основную идею текста.

Some countries have more features of command economies, while others are closer to free market economies.

A mixed economy is an attempt to avoid the disadvantages of market and command economies and to use the benefits they both offer.

In general all the economies of the world are mixed having features of both market and command economies.

A mixed economy with the features of market and command economies allows the state and the private sector to interact in solving economic problems.

CHANNELS OF MARKETING

1.Individual consumers and corporate buyers are aware that thousands of goods and services are available through a very large number of diverse channel outlets. What they may not be well aware of is the fact that the channel structure, or the set of instructions, agencies, and establishments through which the product must move to get to them, can be amazingly complex.

2.Usually, institutions specializing in manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, and many other areas join forces in marketing channel arrangements to make possible the delivery of goods to individual users or customers and to final consumers. The same is true for the marketing of services. For example, in the case of health care delivery, hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies, and drugstores combine efforts in an organized channel arrangement to ensure the delivery of a critical service.

3.Therefore, marketing channels can be viewed as sets of

interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Not only do marketing channels satisfy demand by supplying goods and services at the right place, quantity, quality, and price, but they also stimulate

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demand through the promotional activities of the units (e. g., retailers, manufacturers’ representatives, sales offices, and wholesales) comprising them.

4. The major focus of marketing channel management is on delivery. Producers of goods (including manufacturers of industrial and consumer goods, legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies) are individually capable of generating only form or structural utility for their “products”.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержа-

the channels of marketing.

Channels of marketing are of less importance and effectiveness in health care delivery.

Many business partners coordinate their efforts to make possible the delivery of goods.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Marketing channels raise demand through the joint efforts of…

retailers, wholesalers and sales offices

retailers, insurance companies and legislators

legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies

hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies

Ответьте на вопрос.

What does the structure of channel outlets consist of?

It consists of a number of individual consumers and organized buyers.

It consists of a set of hospitals, laboratories, insurance companies, and drugstores.

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Определите основную идею текста.

Marketing is a complex network of joined independent organizations with the purpose of delivering goods and services and increasing demand.

Marketing channels stimulate demand through the promotional activities of retailers, manufacturers’ representatives, sales offices, and wholesalers.

Legislators, educational administrators and insurance companies use the channels of marketing to distribute their products.

Public and private goods could be available for consumption only through distribution through different marketing channels.

DEMAND

1.One of the most important building blocks of economic analysis is the concept of demand. When economists refer to demand, they usually have in mind not just a single quantity demanded, but what is called a demand curve. A demand curve traces the quantity of a good or service that is demanded at successively different prices.

2.The most famous law in economics, and the one that economists are most sure of, is the law of demand. On this law is built almost the whole edifice of economics. The law of demand states that when the price of a good rises, the amount demanded falls, and when the price falls, the amount demanded rises.

3.It is not just price that affects the quantity demanded. Income affects it too. As real income rises, people buy more of some goods (which economists call normal goods) and less of what are called inferior goods. Urban mass transit and railroad transportation are classic examples of inferior goods. That is why the usage of both of these modes of travel declined so dramatically as postwar incomes were rising and more people could afford automobiles.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

According to the law of demand when the price falls, the amount demanded may fall or rise.

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According to the law of demand when the price of a product rises, the amount demanded falls.

According to the law of demand when the price of a product rises, the amount demanded rises.

According to the law of demand when the price falls, the amount demanded falls.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

When real income of population rises …

people buy less normal goods and less inferior goods

people buy more normal goods and more inferior goods

people buy less normal goods and more inferior goods

people buy more normal goods and less inferior goods

Ответьте на вопрос.

What factors affect the quantity demanded?

The quantity demanded is affected by price and real income of population.

The quantity demanded is affected by price and railroad transportation.

The quantity demanded is affected by price and inferior goods.

The quantity demanded is affected by normal goods.

Определите основную идею текста.

Railroad transportation is one of classic examples of inferior goods.

The law of demand is the basis of the edifice of economics.

A demand curve is what economists think of when they refer to demand.

The quantity demanded is affected by many factors.

NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMICS

1. The most remarkable feature of neoclassical economics is that it reduces many broad categories of market phenomena to considerations of individual choice and, in this way, suggests that the science of economics can be firmly grounded on the basic individual act of subjectively choosing among alternatives.

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2.Neoclassical economics began with the so-called marginalist revolution in value theory that emerged toward the end of the nineteenth century. Strictly speaking, neoclassical economics is not a school of thought (in the sense of a well-defined group of economists following a single great master) but more a loose amalgam of subschools of thought, each revolving around such acknowledged masters as Alfred Marshall in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria.

3.In England there was established the Cambridge school — a variant of neoclassical economics that stressed continuity with the past achievements of the classical school. In France, the general equilibrium school was founded in 1874. This subschool investigated the mathematical conditions under which all markets could be in equilibrium simultaneously. The Austrian subschool focused on the essential problems of economic organization.

4.What these subschools have in common is the importance they attach to explaining the coordinating features of market processes in terms of plans and subjective evaluations carried out by individuals in the market subject to the constraints of technological knowledge, social custom and practice, and scarcity of resources.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Neoclassical economics began when economists from Austria, France and England met.

Neoclassical economics subschools have the same leader.

Neoclassical economists simplified many broad categories of market phenomena.

Neoclassical economics is considered to be a school of thought.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

All the subschools of Neoclassical economics paid great attention to the analysis of …

the mathematical conditions under which all markets could be in equilibrium

the importance of economizing action in shaping economic institutions in the market

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coordinating features of market processes in terms of plans and subjective evaluations

continuity with the past achievements of the classical school

Ответьте на вопрос.

What caused the beginning of neoclassical economics?

The general equilibrium school did.

The school of thought did.

Marginalist revolution did.

Classical economics did.

Определите основную идею текста.

Various subschools of neoclassical economics are amalgamated by the ideas of marginalist revolution, individual choice and subjective evaluations, and coordinating features of market processes.

Neoclassical economics is a loose amalgam of subschools of thought, each revolving around such acknowledged masters as Alfred Marshall in England, Leon Walras in France, and Carl Menger in Austria.

Neoclassical economics reduced many broad categories of market phenomena to considerations of individual choice and suggested that the science of economics could be firmly grounded on the basic individual act.

The Cambridge school organized by Alfred Marshall is a variant of neoclassical economics that stressed continuity with the past achievements of the classical school.

MARKET ECONOMIES

1. In a true market economy the government plays no role in the management of the economy, the government does not intervene in it. The system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new business activities. Workers are paid wages by employers according to how skilled they are and how many firms wish to employ them. They spend their wages on the products and services they need. Consumers are willing to spend more on products and services, which are favoured. Firms producing these goods will make more profits and this will persuade more firms to produce these particular goods rather than less favoured ones.

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2.Thus, in a market economy consumers decide what is to be produced. Consumers will be willing to pay high prices for products they particularly desire. Firms, which are privately owned, see the opportunity of increased profits and produce the new fashionable and favoured products.

3.Such a system is, at first view, very attractive. The economy adjusts automatically to meet changing demands. No planners have to be employed, which allows more resources to be available for production. Firms tend to be highly competitive in such an environment. New advanced products and low prices are good ways to increase sales and profits. Since all firms are privately owned they try to make the largest profits possible.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A market economy easily adjusts to changing demands.

Private companies have no stimulus to produce goods.

The government plays an important role in market economies.

New advanced products and low prices decrease prices.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Private firms in market economies try to …

produce less favoured products

spend more on products and services

change demands

make a profit

Ответьте на вопрос.

In what way do changing demands affect production in a market economy?

Private companies are ready to pay money for fashionable products, consumers are ready to produce these products to get profits.

Consumers are ready to get money for fashionable products, private companies are ready to produce these products to get profits.

Consumers are ready to pay money for fashionable products, private companies are ready to produce these products to get profits.

Private companies are ready to get money for fashionable products, consumers are ready to produce these products to get profits.

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Определите основную идею текста.

The private firms are highly competitive in the environment of a market economy.

Market economies based on private enterprise with private ownership adjusts to changing demands.

Employers are pay wages to workers according to how skilled the workers are.

In market economies more resourses are available for production because of absence of planners.

PRIVATIZATION

1.Privatization is the process by which the production of goods or services is removed from the government sector of the economy. This has been done in a variety of ways, ranging from the public sale of shares in a previously state-owned enterprise to the use of private businesses to perform government work under contract.

2.The leader in this innovative strategy was the Thatcher government of Great Britain from 1979 to 1990. Previous governments had tried limited denationalization, which is the restoration of nationalized enterprises to their previous owners, but with limited success. Privatization involved totally new owners. In some cases the state enterprises that were «privatized» had never been in the private sector.

3.Governments all over the world were confronted in the seventies by the problems inherent in state ownership. Because state-owned companies have no profit motive, they lack the incentive that private companies have to produce goods that consumers want and to do so at low cost. An additional problem is that even if they want to satisfy consumer demands, they have no way of knowing what consumers want, because consumers indicate their preferences most clearly by their purchases.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

All state enterprises that were privatized had been in the private sector before.

Private companies have no stimulus to produce goods.

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The Thatcher government was the first to suggest a new strategy of privatization.

State-owned companies could satisfy consumer demands.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

The public sale of shares as well as the performance of government work under contract with the use of private businesses are …

ways of limited privatization

ways of privatization

ways of getting profit

ways of selling goods

Ответьте на вопрос.

What problems do state-owned companies face?

State-owned companies unlike private ones have a strong profit motive.

State-owned companies unlike private ones do not know consumer demands.

State-owned companies unlike private ones produce goods at low cost.

State-owned companies unlike private ones know consumer demands.

Определите основную идею текста.

Privatization is a transfer of enterprises and services from state control to private ownership.

Privatization occurred as an attempt to overcome great problems inherit in state-owned companies.

State-owned companies have great problems with selling goods to the consumers.

The Thatcher government of Great Britain was the leader in privatization.

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ЛЕКСИКА И СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Модуль: Профессиональная лексика

1. Under the terms of the __________ you cannot keep animals in the building

2. All forms of capital __________ in the long run.

3. The __________ of the job include a car and free health insurance.

4. If you can’t pay the whole sum of money for the product immediately you can use a __________ payment.

5. The difference between the buying and selling price of goods is __________.

6. Selling the same goods for a lower price abroad than at home is __________.

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