Английский язык. Система подготовки студентов юридического факультета к сдаче Федерального интернет-экзамена в сфере профессионального образования. Уч

МОСКОВСКИЙ ГУМАНИТАРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ Кафедра иностранных языков

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Система подготовки студентов юридического факультета

к сдаче Федерального интернет-экзамена в сфере профессионального образования

Учебно-методическое пособие

Авторы-составители И. С. Захарова, Т. А. Николаева

Издательство Московского гуманитарного университета 2015

3

ТЕКСТЫ

International law

1.The legal process that concerns relations among nations is called international law. International law serves the international community; international law is about the relations between independent states. It treats them as equals, whatever their populations, wealth and power. International law aims at stability in international life and the encouragement of trade and other contacts between states.

2.International law is almost wholly based on custom. The precedents on which it rests are the acts of independent governments in their relations with one another, including treaties and conventions. Behind many of its rules is only a moral sanction: the public opinion of the civilized world. When treaties or conventions are involved, however, machinery to anforce them exists – either an arbitration or conciliation procedure or the submission of the dispute to a regional or international court.

3.A body of rules and rpinciples is observed or at least acknowledged in international relations. These rules concern such matters as territorial titles and boundaries, use of the high seas, limits on war, telecommunication, diplomatic and consular exchange, and use of air space. The major sources of international law on these matters are multirateral treaties, international custom, and such general principles recognized by civilized nations. The United Nations is one of the primary mechanisms that articulate and create international law. The General Assembly and other agencies of the UN bring a combination of diplomacy, negotiation and propaganda to bear on world affairs in ways that produce effective internetional treaties and affect world opinion. Certain courts also have indirect impact, including the International Court of Justice. Domestic courts in various nations at times also engage in the articulation of international law.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

The International Court of Justice has the authority and power to settle all the disputes arising in international relations.

Enforcing treaties and conventions presupposes the possibility of the settlement of disputes in regional or international courts.

4

International law, serving the international community, treats independent states differently in accordance with their wealth and power.

The collective opinion of the international community is seldom taken into consideration in regulating the relations between states.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

The important task of the General Assembly and other agencies of the UN is …

providing facilities for states to mate effective international treaties and influencing world opinion

supervising the work of certain courts including the International Court of Justice and domestic courts

putting into effect different sanctions that concern such matters as use of the high seas, use is air space, etc.

working out the precedents on which international law rests, including treaties and conventions

Ответьте на вопрос.

What is the object of the rules that constitute International law?

The object of these rules is to achieve in the world by promoting contacts between states

The object of these rules is to submit different disputes to regional and international courts.

The object of these rules is to regulate relations between the most powerful states of the world.

The object of these rules is to regulate the legal relations between the state and individual people.

Определите основную идею текста.

International low is based on custom and rests on the precedents (the acts of governments in their relations with one another), including treaties and conventions.

The United States Organization is recognized to play an important role in creating international law which regulates the relations between independent states.

Multilateral treaties, international custom and general principles recognized by civilized nations constitute very important sources of international law.

5

International law governs the relationships between sovereign states and promotes achieving common aims deemed important by the international community.

The law and the family

1.Beyond the mere functions of providing a new generation of children, the family is often promoted for its moral contribution to society. Despite a growing labor shortage, the Japanese government has passed very little legislation challenging the assumption that mothers should stay at home rather than go out to work. In Ireland, which is strongly influenced by the doctrines of the Catholic Church, divorce remains illegal.

2.In some societies the family is thought to be important that there is very little legal intervention in family life. In many Islamic countries, for example, fathers, brothers and sons are allowed considerable authority over the females in their family. As late as the 1970s, the male head of the household in Switzerland was deemed to represent the interests of everyone within that household, and, consequently, none of the women could vote in national elections.

3.But in many parts of the world, the law now promotes the rights of individuals within the family unit, and regulates family relations through legislation. Raised from the taxes of the working population as a whole, child benefit is paid directly to the mother, and retirement pensions are paid to grandparents, so that they are less dependent upon financial support from a family member. In Sweden, parents can be prosecuted for physically punishing their children and children have a limited capacity to divorce their parents. In Britain, as in many countries, there are special family courts with very strong powers to control and transfer private property in the interests of children. Much of the work of others courts is also directly relevant to family life.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

According to the legislation of some countries divorce is illegal

there.

As in the 1970s, women in Switzerland have no right to vote in national elections.

6

The Japanese government promotes mothers’ going out to work rather than their staying at home.

The only function of the family is providing a new generation of children.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

In accordance with the Swedish legislation, physical punishment of children by their parents is …

prohibited

promoted

encouraged

allowed

Ответьте на вопрос.

How do many countries realize the financial support of the families having children?

They do it by intervening in family life.

They do it by raising special taxes.

They do it by paying child benefits.

They do it by paying retirement pensions.

Определите основную идею текста.

In Islamic countries where the family is thought to be important there is little legal intervention in family life.

The law treats the family as a special institution having great influence on the state of morality in society.

Much of the work of many courts is closely connected with family life, for example, with the protection of children’s interests.

Many countries use legislation to regulate family relations and promote the rights of individuals within the family unit.

Federalism

1.State power has three main branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislature makes laws; the executive enforces the laws and governs the country; the judges decide disputes that come before them and in doing so interpret the law and apply it to the facts of the case they have to judge.

2.State power can also be divided upon a geographical basis. The system for doing this is called federalism. In a federal state there is a federal

7

government, legislature and courts. There are also regional governments, legislatures and courts. Both may get their powers from a written constitution. Powers to make laws, to govern and to judge are each divided between the federal state and the regions. The regions go by different names in different countries (states, provinces, lands, cantons, republics).

3.One reason for dividing power in this way is that the country is too large to be governed conveniently from a single centre (the USA). Another is that its regions vary in language or culture (Switzerland, India, Canada). A third is that a central government might be too powerful if it was not balanced by regional governments with some independent powers (Germany, the USA).

4.Is a typical federation defense and foreign policy belong to the federal government, education to the regions, and the power to tax is divided between the two. So the federation and the region has its own independent powers and courts, it has its own regional legal system, alongside the federal legal system. If the federation also separates the law-making, governing and judging functions the law becomes very complicated and expensive. But they allow a country to hold together when otherwise it would fall apart.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

One of the reason for dividing power on a geographical basis is that the regions of the country differ in language and culture.

The system of the separation of state power in to the three branches – legislative, executive and judicial is known as federalism.

Such powers as to make laws, to govern and to judge are only given to the federal state, while the regions are engaged in education and taxation.

In a federal state regions usually have their own independent powers to solve the problems concerning defense and foreign policy.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

In a typical federal state …

the powers of the regions are to a great extent limited

education is the concern if the central government

the federal government can only decide upon taxes

the regions may have their own legal systems

8

Ответьте на вопрос.

What country is an example of a federal state where the power of the central government is balanced by regional governments?

Switzerland is.

The UK is.

Canada is.

The USA is.

Определите основную идею текста.

Federalism presupposes that regions have own governments, legislature and courts.

Federalism is one of the ways of effective governing a country and preserving its unity.

Federalism lays down that regions must balance the excessive power of a central government.

A federal state is a state consisting of regions called states, provinces, lands or republic.

Human rights

1.Most of the law in the world is made by governments for their own people. But human rights are independent of any political divisions. They are basic minimum standards of freedom and security for all people. When governments do not meet these standards, they are criticized by their own citizens and even by foreign governments. Sometimes some countries impose economic sanction against those countries where human rights are violated. For example, many countries have limited trade to South Africa because of policy of apartheid.

2.As a rule, human rights are violated when governments violate their own constitutions, and very often their policies make citizens to escape to another countries. But legally, most countries of the world have signed international agreements concerning the treatment of individuals. The most important agreement is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) adopted by UN General Assembly in 1948. Article 1 of UDHR declares that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and Article 2 states that it does not depend upon race, color, sex, language, religion or any other difference among people.

9

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the document which imposes sanctions against those countries where human rights are violated.

There is a certain connection between the violation of human rights in some country and the violation of the country’s constitution.

People all over the world enjoy human rights, because there are no countries where the rights of the citizens are violated.

International treaties on human rights signed by governments do much to promote enforcing the rights of citizens.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims …

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа

imposing economic sanctions against those countries where human rights are violated

adoption by UN General Assembly of the most important international agreement

equality in dignity and rights for people all over the world regardless of race, sex, language, religion

limiting trade to South Africa because of the policy of apartheid

Ответьте на вопрос.

What are human rights?

They give the people the opportunity to have different opinions as to what these rights are.

They are the rights that entitle people all over the world to certain freedoms and security.

They allow citizens of a state and foreigners to have equal constitutional rights.

These rights make it possible for citizens of a country to escape freely to another country.

Определите основную идею текста.

The countries where human rights are violated are strongly criticized by other countries.

10