Английский язык. Система подготовки студентов юридического факультета к сдаче Федерального интернет-экзамена в сфере профессионального образования. Уч

Many international agreements have been signed to solve the problem of violation of human rights.

Human rights protection is the main goal of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Human rights problem is the problem concerning people all over the world, whatever their nationality is and wherever they live.

Enforsing the law

1.Governments have many ways to be sure that citizens obey the law. They explain to the public what the law is and try to provide social support for law and order. They use police forces to investigate crimes and catch criminals. They use courts to complete the investigation of criminal and civil offences and to pass sentences to punish the guilty and deter others. And they try to re-educate and reform people who have broken the law. Which of these is most effective in enforcing the law?

2.The laws of all countries are in written records – the legal codes of countries, etc. Many people do not know where to find these records. But ignorance of the law is almost never a defence for breaking it. Governments usually expect citizens to know the laws. However, there are many laws, such as those prohibiting theft, assault and dangerous driving, which simply reflect social and moral attitudes to everyday behavior. In such cases a person knows he is breaking the law, even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

A person who doesn’t know that he is breaking the law can’t be considered guilty.

Re-educating and reforming criminals are most effective in enforcing the law.

The police inquire into crimes and detain the criminals.

Criminal sanctions are used by governments as one of the ways of enforcing the law.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

People who have broken the law are …

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Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа

released by the government

ignored by the government

reformed by the government

punished by the government

Ответьте на вопрос.

What are the main functions of the police in enforcing the law?

The main functions of the police are to question people suspected of crime and explain to them what the law is.

The main functions of the police are to investigate crimes and catch criminals.

The main functions of the police are to impose fines and issue formal warnings.

The main functions of the police are to punish the guilty and deter other people from committing offences.

Определите основную идею текста.

Enforcing the law governments expect their citizens to know the laws.

The legal codes, the statutes and case judgements help people behave properly.

Enforcing the law is the way to maintain order in the country.

A person’s ignorance of the law doesn’t mean that he is allowed to break it.

The jury

1.In England a person accused of crime must always be presumed innocent until he has been proven guilty. If a criminal case is serious it is always investigated with a jury. What is a jury and how does it function?

2.There are 12 members of the jury both men and women. There are quite a lot of people in England who think that 12 ordinary men and women are not capable of understanding properly all the evidence given at criminal trials. But there is no doubt about it because judges are great experts in summing up the evidence. The judge calls the jury’s attention to all most important points in the evidence. He favoures neither prosecution nor defence. The members of the jury decide only

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the questions of fact. Questions of law are for the judge. The jury retires to a private room to consider the verdict. If the jury cannot agree, they must be discharged and a new jury is formed.

3. A verdict has to be unanimous. English law requires that the guilt of an accused man must be proved ‘beyond reasonable doubt’. When the jury returns to the courtroom, they have to give only one answer «Guilty» or «Not guilty».

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа.

The jury must assess the facts as they perceive them in the light of the law, as instructed, to return a verdict.

The jury fulfills its duties by submitting to the directions of the judge as to the rules or principles of the law.

The members of the jury decide both the questions of law and the questions of fact.

The jury, a group of local citizens, functions according to the rules worked out by the judge.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

The verdict of the jury can be …

Укажите не менее двух вариантов ответа

«Guilty»

«Not sure»

«No verdict»

«Not guilty»

Ответьте на вопрос.

What happens if the jury cannot come to an agreement about the verdict?

The jury retires to consider the verdict for the second time.

The jury must be dismissed and a fresh jury is selected.

The judge decides on guilt or innocence.

The jury declares that they are not capable of answering the question on guilt or innocence.

Определите основную идею текста.

The jury retire to consider the verdict which, as a general rule, must be unanimous.

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The jury receive instructions from the judge as to the law.

The jury consisting of 12 members must consider the matters that have been proved by evidence in the course of the trial.

The jury are a body of laymen which under the guidance of a judge ascertains the truth in questions of fact arising in a serious criminal process.

Law

1.Law in common parlance means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on one’s view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a «system of rules», as an «interpretive concept» to achieve justice, as an «authority» to mediate people’s interests, and even as “the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction”.

2.However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas.

3.Law tells many of history’s stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

It’s generally accepted that law can be defined as rules of ethics which are enforceable.

It’s generally accepted that law in the international relations is always enforceable.

It’s generally accepted that law is a rule which can be implemented by means of institutions.

It’s generally accepted that law is a rule which has a lot in common with rules of ethics.

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Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Legal policy contains …

practical examples of theoretical research in social sciences and humanities

people’s interests mediated by the authority

contracts, torts, property, treatments

boundaries between the social sciences and humanities

Ответьте на вопрос.

Why can law be called a part of philosophy?

Because laws are made on the basis of moral and ethical beliefs.

Because law is a part of many sciences.

Because laws may have long lasting effects on sciences.

Because law is one of humanities as well as social sciences.

Определите основную идею текста.

Law is a social institution which operates with concepts of various social sciences and humanities.

Law was defined in different ways: as a «system of rules», as an «interpretive concept» to achieve justice, etc.

It is a generally accepted idea that law is a social institution with its advantages and disadvantages.

Law is a part of economics, as any rule about contract, company law and many more can influence the distribution of wealth.

Criminal procedure

1.Criminal procedure, also called the criminal process, is the mechanismthroughwhichcrimesareinvestigated,theguiltofcriminals adjudicated, and punishment imposed. Criminal procedure makes the criminal law work. Criminal law defines what conduct is criminal and prescribes the punishment for criminal conduct. Criminal procedure aims to make sure that criminal sanctions are applied only to those who are guilty, and only through procedures that are recognized as fair. One goal of the criminal process is to punish the guilty, but other goals are to protect the innocent and to ensure that even the guilty are protected from abuse by the government.

2.The stages in criminal procedure are investigating, prosecuting, trying, deciding guilt, sentencing and carrying out the sentence.

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Different bodies can be given one of these jobs. For example, the police can be in charge of investigating the crime; a prosecution service of prosecuting; the judges of presiding over the trial; a jury of deciding whether to convict; an appeal court of settling whether the trial was fair; a prison service of carrying out the sentence if the suspect is convicted and sentenced to prison.

3. No one authority (police, prosecution, judge, jury, prison service) should have too much power. State powers should be sliced up, and the slices should be able to keep a check on one another. The police will not be able to prosecute unless they can persuade the prosecution service that there is a strong case. The judge will if necessary rule at the trial that the prosecution has not produced enough evidence. If the jury think the judge has shown bias during the trial they will probably acquit the suspect even though they might otherwise convicted him. If the suspect is convicted but thinks the procedure has been unfair he can persuade the government to advise the head of state to pardon him.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A person who presides over the trial is known as prosecutor.

During the trial the judges usually pay little attention to evidence.

One of the bodies concerned with criminal procedure is police.

Investigating the crime, prosecuting and trying are the jobs of the jury.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

One of the tasks of criminal procedure is …

avoiding any abuse on the part of its participants

making prosecution check the work of the other authorities

giving the job of presiding over the trial to one of the jurors

separating powers in favor of one of the authorities

Ответьте на вопрос.

What is the role of a jury in criminal procedure?

A jury decides whether the trial was fair.

A jury helps the judge to decide questions of law.

A jury applies criminal sanctions to the guilty.

A jury passes a verdict «Guilty» or «Not guilty».

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Определите основную идею текста.

The separation of powers that is observed in criminal procedure helps the authorities to keep a check on one another.

The objectives of criminal procedure are to convict the guilty and acquit the innocent, and to punish suitably those found guilty.

The mechanism of criminal procedure includes the police, prosecutor, defense attorneys, and courts, and legal rules that govern them.

Criminal punishment of persons who have committed crimes is known to be one of the forms of state fight against crime.

Checks and balances

1.The U. S. Constitution establishes three branches for the federal government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The three branches work together to help the country. Each branch has its own responsibilities and powers. No branch has more power than the other branches. They have balanced powers. Each branch has separate duties to check the powers of the other branches.

2.When a new state – the USA – was born, the Founders of the state thought that if there was no balance of power among different branches of government it would lead to tyranny. The problem was how to create a system of government with balanced powers. That’s why James Madison (1751 – 1836) favored the constitution that limited government by means of a) separation of powers; b) a system of checks and balances, where checks – limitation of the duties of each branch, and balances – separate powers to each branch.

3.Congress has the power to make laws, but the President may veto any act of Congress. Congress, in its turn, can pass a law over a veto by a two-thirds vote in each house. Congress can also refuse to provide funds requested by the President. The President can appoint important officials of his administration, but they must be approved by the Senate. The President also has the power to name all federal judges: they, too, must be approved by the Senate.

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4. The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary. This system protects against extremes. It means, for example, that new presidents cannot radically change governmental policies just as they wish.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

The US Senate must confirm the nomination of high officers of the state.

The legislative power in the United States is vested in the President.

The President has the power to spend state funds just as he wishes.

The executive branch of government is more powerful than the other branches.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Ответьте на вопрос.

Why is the system of checks and balances necessary?

The system of checks and balances is necessary because it keeps any branch of government from using too much power or misusing it and makes each branch check on the others.

The system of checks and balances is necessary because it separates the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government which work together to help the country.

The system of checks and balances is necessary because it limits the President’s powers: his right to veto any act of Congress, to appoint high officials, to nominate federal judges, etc.

The system of checks and balances is necessary because it helps the Congress to make laws, pass them and override the President’s veto by a two-thirds vote in each house.

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Определите основную идею текста.

The system of checks and balances serves to control the work of different branches of the federal government and is an important principle of the US Constitution.

The system of checks and balances presupposes that Congress passes laws which the President can veto, but Congress, in its turn, can override the President’s veto.

The U.S. Constitution provides the separation of powers in the country among the executive branch of government, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.

The role of compromise and consensus in the American system of running a country is very important, as it protects against extremes in governmental policies.

The aims of law

1.Law has several aims. They are all concerned with making society more stable and enabling people to flourish. The law forbids certain ways of behaving like murder, libel, and requires others, like paying income tax. If people disobey the rules the law threatens them with something unpleasant (other called a sanction), like being punished or having to pay compensation. The idea is that within this framework of do’s and don’ts people can live more securely. If they are more secure they will treat one another better.

2.A second aim is the following. Laws guarantee to people who buy and sell goods, make wills, take employment, form companies and so on that the state will if necessary enforce these arrangements.

3.A third aim is to settle disputes about what the law is and whether it has been broken. Taking these three aims together, we see that law not only threatens those who do what it forbids but promises to protect people’s interests. It imposes restrictions on them but also gives them certain guarantees.

Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

Law promises to protect people’s interests without giving them any guarantees.

If people disobey the rules they can live more securely.

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Laws against crimes help to maintain a peaceful and orderly society.

Those who do what the law forbids behave properly.

Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

The aims of the law are concerned with …

employing people, forming companies and so on

punishing people and making them pay compensations

making the life of citizens more secure and giving them the opportunities to prosper

threatening people and imposing restrictions on them

Ответьте на вопрос.

In what cases does the law impose restrictions on people?

The law imposes restrictions on people when they disobey the rules and do what it forbids.

The law imposes restrictions on people when they pay income tax regularly.

The law imposes restrictions on people when they try to settle disputes about what the law is and whether it has been broken.

The law imposes restrictions on people when they buy and sell goods, form companies and so on.

Определите основную идею текста.

Law is used not only to punish wrongdoers but also to make people’s life more secure and guarantee their interests.

Law, body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, is used to control the behavior of the members of the society.

Law guarantees to people to facilitate their business activities and private planning, if necessary.

Law is used as a mechanism for social change by improving the quality of individual life.

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