Английский язык. Стандартизация и метрология. Учебное пособие

4.I heard the door of the entrance hall (to open) and (to close) softly.

5.The article is likely (to appear) in the next issue of the journal.

11. Soon we found that there was another complicated problem (to consider).

XVII. Тест на употребление временных форм. Выберите

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5. Linda’s apartment looks nice and tidy because she ..... it every two years.

Donaldson delivered

We ..... TV for ten minutes when the electricity went off.

3. When I was young, I ..... that people over forty were very old. Now that I am forty myself I don’t think so.

thought used to think was thinking had thought

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

Passive Voice (Пассивный залог)

В активном залоге подлежащее само совершает действие: Columbus discovered America. Колумб открыл Америку.

В пассивном залоге подлежащее подвергается воздействию со стороны другого лица или предмета: America was discovered by Columbus. Америка была открыта Колумбом.

Сказуемое в пассивном залоге состоит из глагола to be в

соответствующем времени и причастия прошедшего времени от смыслового глагола (Participle II: Ved/ V3).

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Герундий (the Gerund)

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства глагола и существительного.

Герундий имеет формы времени и залога.

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Переводим:

-существительным (иногда с предлогом),

-инфинитивом,

-придаточным предложением,

-деепричастием.

Функции герундия в предложении

1. Подлежащее: Learning English is difficult. – Учить английский трудно.

2. Дополнение: I like learning English. - Мне нравится изучать английский.

3.Часть сказуемого: Her hobby is driving. – Её хобби – вождение машины.

4.Определение: It’s a new and interesting way of working. –

Это новый и интересный способ работы.

5.Обстоятельство: After leaving her coat in hall she entered the room. – Оставив пальто в холле, она вошла в комнату.

Инфинитив (the Infinitive)

Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) отвечает на вопрос что делать, что сделать? Инфинитив может иметь формы активного и пассивного залогов(to do, to be done), быть перфектным (to have done), иметь форму Continuous (to be doing,

to have been doing).

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Complex Object (Сложное дополнение)

Сложное дополнение - это конструкция, которая представляет собой сочетание имени существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже (me, you, us, her, him etc.) с инфинитивом глагола. Конструкция употребляется с такими глаголами, как: to believe, to consider, to know, to think, to say, to ask, to want и др.

He wants me to help him.

Он хочет, чтобы я ему помог.

They expect the ship to arrive tonight.

Они ожидают, что пароход прибудет сегодня вечером.

После глаголов восприятия to watch, to notice, to see, to hear, to feel, а также после глаголов to let (позволять) и to make

(в значении заставлять) инфинитив употребляется без частицы to. I heard him play the piano.

Я слышал, как он играет на пианино.

The teacher makes us learn the words for every class.

Преподаватель заставляет нас учить новые слова к каждому занятию.

Complex Subject (Сложное подлежащее)

Сложное подлежащее - это конструкция, которая представляет собой: подлежащее + глагол в пассивном залоге+

инфинитив. В этой конструкции в пассивном залоге чаще всего

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to seem, to appear, to prove, to happen и др.

The student appears to know the subject well.

Кажется (по-видимому), этот студент хорошо знает этот предмет.

The task seems to be difficult.

Кажется, это трудное задание.

Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)

I тип. Реальное условие

If + Present Simple, Present Simple или Future Simple.

If I find this book, I will give it to you.

Если я найду эту книгу, я дам ее тебе.

II тип. Нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему и будущему

If + Past Indefinite, would (should) + инфинитив (без to)

(глагол to be имеет форму were)

If I were you, I’d stay at home.

Если бы я был на твоем месте, я бы остался дома.

If I had a lot of money, I would travel round the world.

Если бы у меня было много денег, я бы поехал в кругосветное путешествие.

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III тип. Нереальное условие, относящееся к прошедшему времени

If + Past Perfect, would + have + V3.

If he had studied harder he would have passed his exam successfully.

Если бы он (тогда) занимался усерднее, он бы успешно сдал экзамен.

Цепочка определений (Attributive constructions)

Если между артиклем(или другим определителем) и существительным, к которому он относится, стоит несколько существительных, они образуют цепочку определений, а существительное, к которому относится артикль, является по отношению к ним опорным. С него рекомендуется начинать перевод цепочки определений.

Определения могут переводиться следующим образом: 1) прилагательным:

an ecological imbalance – экологический дисбаланс;

the technological processes – технологические процессы; 2) существительным в родительном падеже:

the environmental pollution – загрязнение окружающей среды; enzyme tenderization – тендеризация ферментами;

3) существительным с предлогом:

a paper converting factory – фабрика по переработке бумаги; a flour store – бункер для муки;

4) группой существительных:

an environment quality index – показатель (индекс) качества oкружающей среды;

the technology assessment – оценка технических решений;

the process control equipment – аппаратура управления процессом.

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ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ

The ISO Story

Foreword

ISO is the world largest standards developing organization. Between 1947 and the present day, ISO has published more than 18 500 International Standards, ranging from standards for activities such as agriculture and construction, through mechanical engineering, to medical devices, to the newest information technology developments.

Given the multi-sector scope of the organization, it would be hard to present an historical perspective summarizing the challenges, the passion, the outstanding achievements or, sometimes, the missed opportunities, in the large variety of sectors covered by ISO’s technical work.

We have therefore chosen to highlight the key markers in the history of the organization from a general perspective.

Founding

ISO was born from the union of two organizations - the ISA (International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations), established in New York in 1926, and the UNSCC (United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee), established in 1944.

In October 1946, delegates from 25 countries, meeting at the Institute of Civil Engineers in London, decided to create a new international organization, of which the object would be "to facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards". The new organization, ISO, officially began operations on 23 February 1947.

The early years

In April 1947, a meeting in Paris produced a recommended list of 67 ISO technical committees, about two-thirds of which were based on previous ISA committees. By the early 1950s, ISO technical

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committees were starting to produce what were known at the time as “Recommendations”.

The basic idea of postwar international standardization was to derive International Standards from those already developed nationally, and then to re-implement them nationally. ISO’s Recommendations were therefore only intended to influence existing national standards.

The first ISO General Assembly was organized in Paris in 1949. It was inaugurated at a public meeting held in the grand amphitheatre at the Sorbonne University.

As reported by Raymond Frontard, former Director-General of AFNOR, “a full house, including the President of the French Republic, Vincent Auriol, and the Director General of UNESCO, Jaime Torres-Bodet, listened to the speeches. Then came the translations (consecutive of course - simultaneous interpretation had yet to be invented). In English first, then in Russian …A quiver of curiosity run through the enormous assembly.

"Young people today find it difficult to imagine how far we were, at that time, from the global view that now seems so familiar. The earth was an archipelago of distinct worlds.”

Developing countries

In the course of the 1950s and 1960s, an increasing number of new ISO member bodies came from the developing world.

The International Standards developed by ISO are of high value to developing countries. They offer indeed practical solutions to a variety of issues related to international trade and technology transfer because they represent a reservoir of technological know-how and of product, performance, quality, safety and environmental specifications.

However, to take advantage of International Standards and to participate in their development, developing countries had to face substantial additional problems in comparison with industrialized

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nations, ranging from the lack of established industrial infrastructures and related technical components (including national standards, metrology and testing institutions and facilities), to the severe limitation of financial and technical resources.

The first landmark in ISO’s attempts to respond to the needs of these members was the establishment in 1961 of the DEVCO Committee on developing country matters (initiated on the basis of a memorandum to ISO Council from Mr. F. Hadass of Israel). Other initiatives followed. In 1967, a developing countries conference was held in Moscow and in1968 a new category of correspondent member was established, so that developing countries could play a role in ISO’s work without incurring the cost of full membership.

A further category of subscriber member was eventually added in 1992, allowing very small economies to maintain a link with ISO for a minimum fee.

Since the 1960s, the membership and role of developing countries within ISO has been continuously increasing. In parallel, the attention of the organization to the needs of developing countries has substantially evolved, along with the undertaking of programmes providing technical assistance and capacity building and a variety of initiatives to facilitate developing countries' participation in international standardization.

ISO International Standards

According to ISO’s first-ever Annual Review in 1972, the underlying causes of the acceleration of the pace of international standardization included “an explosive growth in international trade” caused by a “revolution in transportation methods”. By the mid-sixties a demand, not only a desire, for International Standards had developed. The sources of this demand included multinational companies, standards institutions in developing countries and government regulatory authorities.

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