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Файл:Английский язык для обучающихся по энергетическим специальностям. Учебное пособие.pdf
2. Predicate (сказуемое) – выражает действие, совершаемое подлежащим:
a) part of the compound nominal predicate (часть составного именного
сказуемого) – стоит после глагола to be в личной форме;
Deciding is acting.
Решение – это действие.
Существительное
The professio n of a
Профессия строителя
НФГ со словами «за-
b) part of the compound verbal aspective predicate (часть составного
He went on construct-
Он продолжил констру-
НФГ (существитель-
3. Object (дополнение) – стоит после глагола (кроме to be и аспектных)
a) direct object – без предлога;
I remember having
Я помню, что посещал
Придаточное дополни-
b) indirect object – с предлогом.
They are fond of play-
Они любят играть (иг-
4. Attribute (определение) – стоит после определяемого существитель-
We used this method
Мы использовали этот
5. Adverbial modifier (обстоятельство) – стоит до или после группы
On coming to the la-
Придя (после прихода)
Деепричастие (сущест-
builder is building
houses, plants , towns.
заключается в том, чтобы строить дома, заводы, города.
ключается в том, чтобы», «состоит в том,
чтобы»
глагольного аспектного сказуемого) – стоит после аспектных глаголов, выражающих начало, продолжение и окончание действия (to begin,
to start, to continue, to go on, to finish, to stop etc.).
ing models.
ировать (конструирова-
ное)
ние) модели.
или прилагательного:
visited this place some
это место несколько лет
тельное предложение
years ago.
ing chess
назад.
ру) в шахматы.
ного с предлогом of или for. Отвечает на вопросы: какой? какая? какие?
of using the scientific
data.
метод изучения научных данных.
подлежащее + сказуемое (+ дополнение) и характеризует все предложение. Герундий в функции обстоятельства употребляется с предлогом.
boratory he began a
new experiment.
в лабораторию, он начал
новый эксперимент.
вительное с предлогом)
31
lightning |ˈlaɪtnɪŋ| – молния
to solve – решать
flash |flæʃ| – вспышка
to result |rɪˈzʌlt| – приводить к
indeed |ɪnˈdiːd| – кроме того
discharge |dɪsˈtʃɑːdʒ| – разряд
thunderstorm |ˈθʌndəstɔːm| – гроза
charge |tʃɑːdʒ| – заряд
spark |spɑːk| – вспышка
danger |ˈdeɪn(d)ʒə| – опасность
thunder |ˈθʌndə| – гром
dangerous |ˈdeɪndʒərəs| – опасный
to destroy – разрушать
conductor |kənˈdʌktə| – проводник
phenomenon (phenomena) |fɪˈnɒmɪnən| –
явление
to conduct |kənˈdʌkt| – проводить
to throw |θrəʊ| – кидать, бросать
to provide |prəˈvʌɪd| – обеспечи-
powerful |ˈpaʊəfʊl| – мощный
path |pɑːθ| – путь, контур элек-
property |ˈprɒpəti| – свойство
achievement |əˈtʃiːvmənt| – дости-
to name after – называть в честь
observation |ɒbzəˈveɪʃ(ə)n| – на-
to invent – придумывать, изобретать
to take interest in – интересо-
Text
Lightning
Vocabulary
вать, снабжать
трической цепи
жение
блюдение
ваться
The lightning flash is certainly the earliest manifestation of electricity
known to a man, although for a long time nobody knew that lighting and atmospheric elect ri city are one and the same thing. Indeed, for thousands of years
people knew nothing about thunderstorms. However, they saw long sparks falling from the dark sky and heard thunder. They knew that these sparks could kill
people or strike their houses and destroy them. Trying to understand that dangerous phenomenon, they imagined things and invented numerous stori es.
Take the early Scandinavians as an example! They thought that thunderstorms were produced by Thor, the god of thunder. Besides his throwing both
thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer-thrower. According to
the story his powerful h ammer had the property of always coming back to his
32
hands after it had been th rown. The fifth day of the week, that is Thursday, was
named after him. A story like that invented by those early S candinavian s could
be also heard fr om other peoples.
However, time flies. Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem
that scientists tried to solve. All know, at present, that lighting is a very great
flash of light resulting from a discharge of atmospheric electricity either between charged clouds or between a charged cloud and the earth.
Even now some people do not like being out during a t hunderstorm. Dark
clouds cover the sky, turning day into night. There are lighting flashes followed
by thunder wh ich can be heard for kil ometers around. Need less to say, there is
always some danger in a thunderst orm for a very high building or a man standing in the open field.
Many years ago peopl e learn ed to protect their houses from t hund erstor ms.
Coming down from a charged cloud to the earth, lightning usually strikes the
nearest conductor. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an easy path along
which electrons are conducted to the earth. That Benjamin Franklin invented
the lightn ing conductor is a well-known fact. The lightning conductor, familiar
to anybody at present, is a metal device protecting building from lightning
strokes by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.
Franklin’s achievements in t he field of electrici ty were kn own to Lomon osov who, in his turn, made experiments of his own. Among other scientific
problems that Lomonosov studied was also that of atmospheric electricity. It
greatly interested both Lomonosov and his friend Professor Rihman. Both of
them tried to solve the problem in question. They made numerous experiments
and observations without thinking of the possible danger. In order to get better
results Rihman constructed the first electrical measuring device in the world.
However, making experiments of that kind was so dangerous that Professor
Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning during one of his observations.
As for Franklin’s well-known kite experiment, you will find it in the following lesson.
1. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund.
a) 1. Learning English is not easy thing. 2. His friend began learning the
English language. 3. The professor knew about our going to the power station.
33
4. There are many methods of solving this problem. 5. On coming home, my
father began watching television.
b) 1. We didn’t know about his being sent to the power station. 2. I remember my having told her about the experiment. 3. His having asked such a
question shows that he did not prepare the text. 4. We know of different experiments being made in this laboratory. 5. Your having been sent to St. Petersburg
was known to everybody. 6. Everybody knew about your having asked such a
question.
2. Complete th e fo ll owing sentences using the Gerund according to the
model given below.
Model: When will you finish (to read) …?
When will you finish reading this English b ook?
1. Do you like (to go)…? 2. My friend never thought of (to become)… ?
3. This is the device for (to turn)… . 4. Excuse me for (to be late) … . 5. Why
are you translating a scientific article without (to read) … ?
3. Find the Gerund in the text, define its function.
4. Put questions to the words in bold type.
1. For thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms.
2. The fifth day of the week was named after Thor. 3. Lightning is a discharge of atmospheric electricity. 4. The lightning conductor invented by
Franklin provides an easy path for conducting electric charges to the earth.
5. Rihman constructed the first electrical measuring device. 6. Experiments
with atmospheric electricity were made by Lomonosov. 7. Many years ago
people learned to pr otect their houses from thunderstorms. 8 . We use atomic
energy for peaceful purposes.
5. Form verbs from the following nouns.
Observation, achievement, protection, production, installation, operation,
application, development, heat, generator, inventor, reader.
Use the verbs formed from the nouns given above in sentences of your
own.
34
6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in
Noun,
Подлежащее
+
Сказуемое
То, что
bold type.
a) 1. My friend ’s son l ooks like his father . 2. Y ou may take any d ev ice yo u
like. 3. Some liquids have like properties. 4. Steel like iron is widely used in
industry. 5. A st eam turbine is like any ot her turbine, but it is turned by steam.
6. We did not like the film that we saw yesterday. 7. Did you like the story that
you heard at the lesson yesterday?
b) 1. Lightning is an atmospheric phenomenon that greatly interested some
scientists of the past. 2. That the earth turns round the sun is known to everybody. 3. It is quite possible that in the future co al may be replaced by atomic
energy. 4. Ato mic energy can s erve people, b ut we must nev er forget that that
energy can also destroy the world. 5. When an object loses it s potential en ergy
that energy is turned into kinetic energy. 6. The operation of the motor is quite
different from that of the generator. 7. Everybody knows that the earth is
round. 8. The climate in Moscow is better than that in London. 9. The film that
we saw yesterday was very interesting.
UNIT 7. GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTION
+
Gerund
possessive pr onoun
«
в нужном
падеже
»
Придаточное предложение
Герундиальный оборот представляет собой один сложный член предложения и выполняет функции: подлежащего, дополнения (беспредложного или предложного), определения или обстоятельства.
35
Text
electricity |ˌɪlɛkˈtrɪsɪti| – электри-
manifestation |ˌmanɪfɛˈsteɪʃ(ə)n| – проin order to – для того чтобы
kite |kaɪt| – воздушный змей
to burn |bɜːn| – сжигать
jar |dʒɑː| – банка
coal |kəʊl| – уголь
famous |ˈfeɪməs| – знаменитый
instead of |ɪnˈstɛd| – вместо, взамен
string |strɪŋ| – веревка
valuable |ˈvæljuəbl| – ценный
key |kiː| – ключ
substance |ˈsʌbst(ə)ns| – вещество
to electrify |ɪˈlɛktrɪfʌɪ| – электризо-
to contain |kənˈteɪn| – содержать
to prove |pruːv| – доказывать
in this connection – в связи с этим
to wet – мочить
to develop |dɪˈvɛləp| – разрабаты-
thus |ðʌs| – так, таким образом
to harness |ˈhɑːnəs| – использовать
to protect – защищать
to require |rɪˈkwʌɪə| – требовать
installation |ɪnstəˈleɪʃ(ə)n| – уста-
power |ˈpaʊə| – энергия, мощность
discovery – открытие
in question |ˈkwɛstʃ(ə)n| – данный,
field |fiːld| – область, сфера дея-
Atmospheric Electricity
Vocabulary
чество
вать
явление, пример
вать, заряжать электрическим
током
(об энергии)
новка
рассматриваемый
тельности
Electricity pl ays such an important part in modern life that in order to get
it, men have been burning millions of tons of coal. Coal is burned instead of its
being mainly used as a source of valuable chemical substances which it con-
tains. Therefore, finding new sources of electric energy is a most important
problem that s cientists an d engineers try to solve. In this connection one might
36
ask: “Is it possible to develop methods of harnessing lightning?” In other
words, could atmospheric electricity be changed into useful energy?
Indeed, hundreds of millions of volts are required for a lightning spark
about one and a half kilometer long. However, this does not represent very
much energy bec ause of the in tervals between sin gle thundersto rms. As for the
power spent in producing lightning flashes all over the world, it is only about
1\10 000 of the power got by mankind from the sun, both in the form of light
and that of heat. Thus, the source in question may int erest onl y the scient ists of
the future.
It has alread y been men ti on ed (s ee Les so n 4) that atmos pher ic el ect ri cit y is
the earliest manifestation of electrici ty known to a man. However, n obody un-
derstood that phenomenon and its properties until Benjamin Franklin made his
kite experiment. On studying the Leyden jar (for long years the only known
condenser), Franklin began thinking that lightning was a strong spark of electricity. He beg an experimenting in o rder to draw electricit y from the clouds to
the earth. The story about his famous kite i s known all over the world.
On a stormy day Franklin and his son went into the country taking with
them some neces sary things su ch as: a kite with a long string, a key and so on.
The key was connected to the lower end of the string. “If lightning is the same
as electricity,” he thought, “then some of its sparks must come down the kite
string to the key.” Soon the kite was flying high among the clouds where lightning flashed. However, the kite having been raised, some time passed before
there was any proof of its being electrified. Then the rain fell and wetted the
string. Th e wet string conducted the elect ricity fr om the clo uds down the string
to the key. Fr anklin and his son both s aw electri c spar ks whi ch grew b igger and
stronger. Thus, it was proved that lightning is a discharge of electricity lik e that
got from the batteries of Leyden jars.
Trying to develop a method of protecting buildings during thunderstorms,
Franklin continued studying that problem and invented the lightning conductor.
He wrote necessary instructions for the installation of his invention, the princi-
ple of his lightning conductor being in use until now. Thus, protecting buildings
from lightning strokes was the first discovery in the field of electricity employed for the g ood of mankind.
37
Exercises
1. Complete the following sentences using the Gerund.
Model: She cannot read English without…
She cannot read English without consulti ng a dictionary.
1. My friend went home instead of… 2. The students went on… 3. When
the teacher entered the classroom the students stopped… 4. Have you finished… 5. I went to bed after… 6. Th e friends spoke of… 7. You must tu rn the
light off before…
2. Translate the following sentences using the Gerund.
1. Прежде чем делать опыты, необходимо проводить наблюдения.
2. Много лет назад люди научились защищать свои дома от ударов молнии.
3. Существуют различные способы получения электрического тока. 4. Ученые продолжали изучать новое явление. 5. Пирометр используется для измерения температуры горячих металлов. 6. Франклин изобрел громоотвод
для защиты зданий от ударов молнии. 7. Ходить пешком очень полезно.
8. Атомный реактор используется для получения атомной энергии.
3. Find the Gerund in the text, define its function.
4. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs, wherever necessary. Answer
the following questions.
1. What … the earliest manifestation of electricity? 2. What … electricity?
3. What … the early Scandinavians think about thunderstorms? 4. Who …
burning millions of tons of coal? 5. What property … Thor’s hammer? 6. Who
… invented the lightning conductor? 7. What experiments … Lomonosov and
Rihman make? 8. What device … constructed by Rihman? 9. Who … constructed the first measuring device?
5. What questions are answered by the w ords in bold type in the following sentences?
1. Benjamin Franklin made his kite experiment. 2. Nobody understood that
phenomenon. 3. The story of his kite is known all over the world. 4. On a
stormy day Franklin and his son went into the country. 5. The key was connected to the lower end of the string. 6. Soon the kite was flying high among the
38
clouds. 7. Th e electric sp arks proved t hat lightnin g is a discharge o f electricit y.
8. The wet string conducted the electricity. 9. Franklin invented the lightning
conductor.
6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to both,
both…and.
1. The students made two experiments: they were both interesting and useful. 2. Both scientists studied atmospheric el ectricity. 3. Both of us will work in
the Institute laboratory tomorrow. 4. Both Lomonosov and Rihman were great
scientists; both of them worked at atmos pheric electr icity. 5. Bot h these devic es
were constructed in Moscow. 6. Electricity is used both in industry and in everyday life. 7. Both nuclear power and solar energy will be widely used in the future. 8. Lightning and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing: both of
them are used in literature. 9. Many scientists and inventors; both Russian and
foreign, have greatl y contributed to the development and practical application of
the electric current. 10. Both chemical energy and mechanical energy can be
changed into electricity.
7. Translate into Russian.
(a) the only son; the only example known; the only method of solving the
problem; only you can do it for me; coal is not only a source of heat, but also a
source of valuable chemical substances; the letter was sent only yesterday;
(b) man y students were present; at th e present time; th e present articl e; he
is in Moscow at present; that is all for the present; good-bye for the present.
8. Form five s entences combining s uitable parts of the s entence given
in Columns I and II.
I II
1. Generator 1. measures the temperature of hot melted metals.
2. Lightning conduc t or 2. lifts objects weighing thousands of tons.
3. Battery 3. turns electrical energy into mechanical energy.
4. Electric crane 4. protects buildings from lightning strokes.
5. Pyrometer 5. turns mechanical energy into electrical energy.
9. Describe Franklin’s kite experiment.
39
UNIT 8. INFINITIVE
Active
Passive
Обозначают действие,
Обозначают действие,
Function
Examples
Translation
Notes
переводится:
He likes to spend
Он любит (что?)
переводится:
Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) – это неличная форма
глагола, которая выражает действие безотносительно к лицу и числу.
Формальный признак инфинитива – частица «to» (to ask, to write).
Формы инфинитива
происходящее одновре-
менно с действием, вы-
раженным глаголом-
сказуемым
предшествовавшее дей-
ствию, выраженному
глаголом-сказуемым
Functions of the Infinitive
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous
to write to be written
to be writting –
to have been
to have written
written
to have been
–
writing
1. Subject
2. Object
To acquire
knowledge is eve-
rybody’s duty
his holiday in the
South.
He forced her to
go with him.
Приобретать зна-
ния – долг каж-
дого.
проводить кани-
кулы на юге.
Он заставил, что-
бы она пошла
с ним.
40
а) инфинитивом;
б) существитель-
ным
а) инфинитивом;
б) придаточным
предложением.