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Файл:Английский язык для обучающихся по энергетическим специальностям. Учебное пособие.pdf
The advantages of hydroelectric power stations are obvious. They are the
following: cons tantly renewable s ource, oper ation ease, no pollution. Ho wever,
the constructing a dam of a large hydroelectric power plant was a much more
difficult task than building a small dam for a mill wheel rotation . To drive a
powerful turbine, it is necessary to accumulate huge water storage behind the
dam.
But while people harness only a small part o f the earth hydrop ower potential, huge water streams, for med from rain and snowmelt, flow into the sea unused . If i t was p ossible to accumulate them b y means of dams, humanity would
receive an additional enorm ous amount of energy.
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is the energy of heat that has been released from the
Earth interior for hundreds of millions of years. According to geological and
geophysical studies, the te mperatur e in th e earth' s core r eaches 3 000-6 000 °C,
gradually d ecreasi ng in the dir ection from th e cent er of the pl anet to its s urface.
The eruption o f volcanoes, th e movement o f the earth's cru st, earthqu akes indicate acting powerful internal energy of the Earth. Scientists believe that the
thermal field of our planet is due t o radioactive decay in its interior, as well as
the gravitational separation of the core substance.
The main sources of heating the planet interior are uranium, thorium and
radioactiv e pot assium. The p roces ses o f rad ioact ive f ission the con tinents occur
mainly in the granite layer of the earth's crust at a depth of 20-30 km or more, i n
the oceans. It is assumed that on the bottom of the earth's crust at a depth of
10-15 km the probable temperature on the continents is 600-800 ° C, and in the
oceans it is 150-200 ° C.
People can u s e g eoth er mal energy onl y in th e places where i t i s clo se to the
earth's surface, i.e. in areas of volcanic and seismic activity. Now geothermal
energy is eff ectively us ed by count ries such as th e United St ates, Italy, I celand,
Mexico, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, the Philippines, Hungary, El Salvador.
Here, the int ernal heat of the earth ri ses to the surface in th e form of hot water
and steam with a temperatu re of up to 300 °C and oft en breaks out as the heat
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of spouting springs (geysers ), for example, the f amous geysers of Yell owstone
Park in the United States, geysers of Kamchatka, Iceland.
Geothermal energy sources ar e divided into dry hot steam, wet hot steam
and hot wat er. The wel l, which is an i mport ant sou rce of en ergy fo r the el ectric
railway in Italy (near Larderello), has been fed by dry hot steam since 1904.
Two other famous places in the world with hot dry steam are the Matsukawa
field in Japan and the geyser fiel d near San Francisco, wh ere g eo t h ermal energy
has also been used for a long t i me. Mo s t p art of wet hot steam is located in New
Zealand.
Thus, there are four main types of geothermal energy resources:
• earth surface heat used by heat pumps;
• power resources of steam, hot and warm water at the surface of the
earth, which are now used producing electricity;
• warmth cen tered deep und er the earth surface (perhaps in the absen ce of
water);
• energy of magma and heat that are accumulated under the volcano.
Reserves of geothermal heat (~ 8 * 1030Дж) exceeds the annual world energy consumption in 35 billion times. However, today only a small part of these
resources can b e used, and this is primarily due to economic reasons. The beginning of the industrial g eother mal res our ces dev elopment (ener gy of hot deep
water and steam) was laid in 1916, when Italy put into operation the first geothermal power plant with a capacity of 7.5 MW. Since then, considerable experience has been accumulated i n the field of practical development of geothermal
energy resources.
Technical and economic p aramet ers o f geoth ermal po wer plant vary wit hin
a wide range and dep end on the geological characteris t i cs of th e ar ea ( d epth, parameters of the working fluid, its composition, etc.).
In future, it is poss ible to u se magma h eat in those ar eas wher e it is located
close to the Eart h surface, as well as dry heat of crystalline rocks. In the lat ter
case, the wells are drilled for several kilometers, cold water is pumped down,
and hot water is returned.
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Bio energy
What is bio energy? This concept is known to be associated with a lot of
confusion. Some people call bio energ y all kinds of fuel produced by growing
something, others think that it should be directly related to natural origin elements,. So what is bio energy really? Let's try to understand.
By definition, bio en ergy is a branch of alternat ive energy, th at is, energy,
which is considered to be renewable. The amount of energy consumed by all
mankind per year is enormous. Bio energy is a combination of a wh ol e ran ge of
alternativ e energy sources. One common concept of biomass encomp asses this
spectrum. In fact, this is the life result of all living organisms of our planet.
Every year, biomass growth on the planet reaches 130 billion tons of dry matter. This corresponds to 660 000 TW per year, despite the fact that the world
community requires only 15 000 TW per year.
Today, more than 99% of car owners use fuel produced from oil. And every day the nu mber of cars on the ro ads is growing. Oi l fuel can hardly b e considered renewable. The amount of oil decreases inexorably every year, which
leads to an increase in its price. And since the economy of many countries is
only developing , despite the price increase, the oil demand for will still grow.
This is a despair circle, which way out can be bio fuel.
For a long time, bio fuel was regarded to be uncompetitive because they
are way below fossil fuels both in terms of its capacity and i mplementation difficulty. But constantly evolving technologies have helped to solve these problems. There are different types of fuel:
‒ liquid: methanol, ethanol, biodiesel;
‒ gaseous: hydrogen, lique fie d petr ole um gas;
‒ solid: wood, coal, straw.
The newly created liquid bio fuel is distinguished by its environmental
friendliness and availab ility, but i n addition it has another impor tant adv antage.
No significant changes in th e str uct ure o f en gin es an d eq uipment are needed for
using liquid bio fuels. Bio fuel itself is a raw material obtained during processing r apeseeds, soybean s , sugar cane st al k s or corn. Many o t h er directions of
obtaining organic fuel are developing for example cellulose one. Natural gas,
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hydrogen and similar raw materials are not renewable sources, so they can be
considered to some extent a half-measure in the transition to bio fuels. In addition, there are many difficulties associated with introducing such technology.
For example, a hydrogen engine could become a very promising representative
of its "famil y", but for the nor mal car driving i t would be necessary to fi x the
whole tank on the roof of the car, which is not very convenient. And when
compressed, hydrogen is highly explosive.
In the field of nanotechnology a project is being developed to create
nanocapsul es for of hydrogen and other explosive gases storage. Each nanocapsule (modified nanotube) will be filled with a certain number of gas molecules
and "clogged" with fullerene, which will allow the gas to be divided into portions, making it safe.
The benefits of bio energy do not end there. In addition to the fact that it
answers th e curren t questio ns abou t search ing alternat ive ener gy sou rces an d its
environmental friendliness, it is important to note the material aspect. Oil imports have a strong impact on the country's budget (let's not forget that every
year its value increases). And bio fuels, on the contrary, are getting cheaper
every day. Hence, it can be stated that the economy in using bio fuels can be
very significant.
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БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
1. Digby, B. English Grammar An Intermediate Reference and Practice
Book / B. Digby, G. Colin. – Macmillan Education, 2006. – 352 p.
2. Krylova, I. P. A Grammar of Present-Day English / I. P. Krylova,
E. M. Gordon. – M. : KDY, 2005. – 448 c.
3. Куклина, И. П. Energy is the source of Life : пособие по англ. яз. /
И. П. Куклина. – СПб. : КАРО, 2000. – 512 с.
4. Allan, D. J. Power transformers – the second century // Power Enginee-
ring Journal. – 1991. – № 1. – рр. 23–34.
5. Grigsby, Leonard L. (2001). The Electric Power Engineering Handbook. –
London : CRC Press, 2012. – 407 p.
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Учебное издание
Сидоренко Юлия Николаевна
Чурилова Ирина Николаевна
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
для обучающихся
по энергетическим специальностям
Учебное пособие
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Редактор М. А. Болдырева
Компьютерная верстка О. Г. Белименко
Для дизайна обложки использованы материалы
из открытых интернет-источников
Сводный темплан 2019 г.
Подписано в печать 15.02.19. Формат 60×841/16. Бумага офсетная.
Отпечатано на дупликаторе. Усл. печ. л. 6,75. Уч.-изд. л. 6,75.
Тираж 50 экз. Заказ 71.
Издательство ОмГТУ. 644050, г. Омск, пр. Мира, 11; т. 23-02-12.
Типография ОмГТУ.
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