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Файл:Английский язык для обучающихся по энергетическим специальностям. Учебное пособие.pdf
ed devices that are widely used today. In fact, telephones, lifts, electric trams
and trains, rad io and tel evis ion have b een made p os sib le only o wi ng to t h e el ectric current.
The student r eading t his ar ticle is certai nly famil iar wi th the i mport ant part
which the elect ri c cu rr ent plays in our everyday life. From the moment when he
gets up in the morning until he goes to bed at night, he widely uses electric energy. Only go ing to the Ins titute eith er on foot or by bicycle, can he do witho ut
electricity. In fact, it is well k nown th at electric cu rrent i s necessary f or the o peration of trolley-buses and modern trains.
During the day he (that is the reading student) will al so u se so me electr ical
devices, working in the laboratory, making use of the telephone, the lift, the
tram and so on. As for the evening, if he studies or reads, by an electric lamp,
watches television, goes to the theatre or ci nema, he certainly uses electricity.
Some people ar e more f amiliar wi th the var ious application s of th e electric
current in th eir everyd ay life th an they ar e with i ts numero us indu strial ap plications. Howev er, electric energy finds its most important use in ind ustry. Take,
for example, the electric motor, transforming electric energy into mechanical
energy. It f inds a wide app lication at ev ery mill and f actory. As for the electric
crane, it can easily lift objects weighing thousands of tons.
A good example which is illustrating an important industrial use of the
electric cur rent is the ele ctrically he ated furnace. Great mass es of metal mel ted
in such furnaces fl ow li ke w ater. Sp eaki ng of th e melted metal s, w e mig ht mention one mor e device u sing elect ricity – that is the electr ic pyrometer. Th e tem-
perature of hot flowing metal s can b e easil y measured owing to the electric py-
rometer.
These are only some of the various industrial applications of the electric
current serving us in a thousand ways.
6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle.
1. The student is translating an article on refr igerators. 2. The student has
translated an article. 3. The arti cle is translated b y the student. 4. Th e article is
being translated by the student. 5. The student translating an article is Novicov.
6. The article t ranslated by the student is difficult. 7. Translating an article, the
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student used a dictionary. 8. Having translated the article, the student gave it to
the teacher. 9 . Having been asked to transl ate the articl e, the student translated
it very well.
7. Form four sentences using the words given belo w.
Model: lift, the, heavy, can, electric, objects, crane.
The electric crane can lift heavy objects.
1. finds, industry, energy, in, application, electric, wide, a.
2. does, study, he, at, not, the, institute .
3. day, use, every, do, devices, you, electrical.
4. the theatre, go, t o, we, yesterday, not, did.
8. Give short answers to the following questions.
1. Does the motor find a wide application in industry? 2. Is Volta a Russian
scientist? 3. Does your friend go to the Institute on foot? 4. Did you go to the
theatre yesterday? 5. Is ther e an electric l amp on you r table? 6. H as your fri end
bought a new b icycle? 7. Are there ma ny trolley-buses and t rams in Moscow?
8. Do you watch television every day? 9. Do you use electrical devices?
10. Can you do without electricity? 11. Does the electric current play an important part in our life? 12. Does the electric motor transform electrical en ergy
into mechanical energy? 13. Is the electric current necessary for the operation of
trolley-buses and tram s? 14. Is your room heated by an elect ri c furnace?
9. Translate the following sentences.
1. Электрический мотор, преобразующий электрическую энергию
в механическую, используется в повседневной жизни. 2. Говоря об электрическом токе, мы можем упомянуть имя Вольта. 3. Электрический пирометр измеряет температуру расплавленных металлов. 4. Поработав на
заводе, мой друг поступил в институт. 5. Электрические приборы, упомянутые в этой статье, были созданы русскими учеными. 6. Измеряя температуру горячих металлов, студент пользовался пирометром. 7. Измерив
температуру металла, мы начали измерять температуру воды.
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10. Form se ntences using the following expressions.
The Absolute Participle Construction with P I (non-prepositional) =
To play a part in; to go on foot; to do without; to make use of; to be famil-
iar with; to get up; to go to bed; to watch televis ion; owing to.
11. Put six general questions to the text.
12. Make an outline of the text.
13. Retell the text.
UNIT 5. PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
I. The Absolute Participle Construction with P I (non-prepositional)
Абсолютный причастный оборот с Причастием I без предлога
E.g.: He having left the room, she sat down at the table.
Когда он покинул комнату, она села за стол.
= существительное или местоимение в именительном падеже + любая
форма Participle I.
Данный оборот в предложении выполняет функцию обстоятельства
образа действия, причины, времени.
He looked through the window, his glance traveling around.
They didn’t play in the morning, it being Sunday.
The work being fi nished, they went into the shop.
Данный оборот переводится как придаточное предложение.
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II. The Pre pos itional Absolute P articiple Construction with Parti ciple I
The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with Participle I =
The Absolute Participle Construction with Participle II (non-prepositional) =
Абсолютный причастный оборот с Причастием I с предлогом
E.g.: He went into the house, with his heart beating fast.
Он вошел в дом, и его сердце бешено колотилось.
= предлог with + существительное в именительном падеже или место-
имение в объектном падеже (him, me…) + Participle I.
Абсолютный причастный оборот с Причастием I с предлогом в пред-
ложении выполняет функцию обстоятельства образа действия.
He sat with his hands lying on the table.
I won’t speak with him steering at me.
III. The Absolute Participle Construction with Participle II (non-
prepositional)
Абсолютный причастный оборот с Причастием II без предлога
E.g.: The preparation completed, we started off.
Когда приготовления были закончены, мы отправились в путь.
= существительное или местоимение + P II.
Данный оборот в предложении выполняет функцию обстоятельства
образа действия, причины, времени, условия.
He sat on the sofa, his legs crossed.
This said, he turned his back.
My attention distracted, I didn’t notice her.
This once done, he will repeat.
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IV. The Prepositio n al Absolute Participle Construc tion wi t h Parti ciple II
The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with Participle II =
ability |əˈbɪlɪti| – способность, воз-
hydroelectric station |hʌɪdrəʊɪˈlɛktrɪk|
forms of energy – формы энергии
to drive – приводить в движение
heat |hiːt| – тепловая
turbine |ˈtəːbʌɪn| – турбина
mechanical |məˈkænɪkl| – механиче-
to produce – производить, созда-
electrical |ɪˈlɛktrɪk(ə)l| – электриче-
in one’s turn – в свою очередь
chemical |ˈkemɪkl| – химическая
to employ – использовать, приме-
atomic |əˈtɒmɪk| – атомная
source |sɔːs| – источник
solar |ˈsəʊlə| – солнечная
generator |ˈdʒɛnəreɪtə| – источник
potential |pəˈtenʃl| – потенциальная
kind |kaɪnd| – вид, род
kinetic |kɪˈnetɪk| – кинетическая
to harness |ˈhɑːnəs| – использовать
Абсолютный причастный оборот с Причастием II с предлогом
E.g.: She went on reading with her eyes fixed on the pages.
Она продолжала читать, и ее глаза были прикованы к страницам.
= предлог with + существительное в именительном падеже + Participle II.
Данный оборот в предложении выполняет функцию обстоятельства
образа действия.
It’s unhealthy to sleep with the windows shut.
Text
можность
ская
ская (электро)
Energy
Vocabulary
– гидроэлектростанция
вать, порождать
нять
энергии, генератор
(скрытая)
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to change|tʃeɪn(d)ʒ| – менять, пре-
вращаться
semiconductor |ˌsɛmɪkənˈdʌktə| – по-
to turn |tɜːn| – меняться, превра-
waterfall |ˈwɔːtəfɔːl| – водопад
лупроводник
щаться
Scientifically speaking, energy is the ability to do work. There are various forms of energy, such as: heat, mechanical, electrical, chemical, atomic
and so on. One might also mention the two kinds of mechanical energy – po-
tential and kinetic, potential energy being energy of position while kinetic
energy is energy of motion. It is well known that one form of energy can be
changed into another.
Take a waterfall as an ex ample. Wat er fal lin g from its r aised po sition , energy changes from potential to kinetic. If there is a h ydroelectric statio n at the
waterfall, th e energy of th e falling water is used to drive the turbines. The turbines, driven by the kinetic energy of the running water, turn electric generators, these generators producing electric energy. Thus, th e mechanical energ y o f
falling water is turned into el ectric energ y. The electri c energy, in its turn, may
be transformed into any other necessary form.
When an object loses its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic
energy. Thus, in the above-mentioned example when water is falling from its
raised position, it certain ly loses its pot ential energy, t hat energy chan ging into
kinetic energy.
We have already s een that energy o f some kind must be employed to generate the electric current. The sources of energy usually employed to produce
current are either chemical, as in th e battery, or mech anical, as in the electro-
magnetic generator. Chemical sources of current having a limited application,
the great qu anti ties o f electr ic ener gy g enerat ed to day co me fro m vario us f orms
of mechanical energy.
Needless to say that rising standards of modern civilization and growing
industrial applications result in an increasing need of energy. Every year we
need more and mo re el ectr ic en erg y fo r t he u sef ul th ings that are do ne o nl y owing to electricity. However, the energy sources of the world are decreasing at
the same time as the energy needs of the wo rld are in creasin g. Th ese need s wil l
26
continue to grow as more motors and melted metals are used in industry and
Having brought the dictionar ies from
egan to
The dictionaries having been brought
dents began
more electric current is emplo yed in our everyday l ife. As a result , it is necessary to find new sources of energy.
The sun is an un limited so urce of en ergy. However , at pres ent, onl y a little
part of solar energy is bein g used dir ectl y. Ho w can we e mp lo y sol ar en ergy d irectly to pro duce useful energy? This is a question which has inter ested scientists and inventors for a long time. Lavoisier and other great scientists of the
past melted metals with the help of solar furnaces. Today solar furnaces illustrate just one of the numerous ways to harness the sun. Using semiconductors,
scientists, for example, have transformed solar energy into electric energy.
Exercises
1. Find the participle in the text and define its function.
2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle.
1. The girl is finishing her work. 2. The work is being finished by the girl.
3. The girl finishing her work is my sister. 4. Finishing her work, the girl spoke
to her friend. 5. The work having been finished, the students went home.
6. Having finished her work, the girl went out. 7. Having been finished in time,
the work was gi ven to the teacher. 8. My broth er finished his work, his friend
helped him.
3. Compare A and B and define the function of the par ti ciple.
Model: A B
the library, the students b
translate the article.
from the library, the stu
to Translate the article.
А. Having finished my translation, I gave it to the teacher.
В. The translation having been finished, I gave it to the teacher.
А. Having finished the experiment, the student s l eft the laboratory.
В. The experiment having been finished, the students left the laboratory.
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4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute
Participle Construction.
1. An object losing its potential energy, that energy is turned into kinetic
energy. 2. Water falling from its raised position, energy is changed from potential to kin etic. 3 . My fri end w as read ing an Engl ish art icle, hi s bro ther wat ching
TV. 4. Electrical devices find a wide ap plication in every hous e, a refrigerator
being one of them. 5. There being a hydroelectric station at the waterfall, the
energy of the f alling water is used to drive the turbin es. 6. The energy sources
of the world decreasing, the scientists must find new sources of energy.
7. There are different sources of energy, the sun being an unlimited source of all
its forms. 8. Industrial ap plicat ions of ener gy incr easing , mor e and mor e energ y
is needed every year.
5. Give short answers to the following questions.
1. Can one form of energy b e changed into another form? 2. Does a g enerator produce me chanical energy? 3. Is the s un an unlimited source of en ergy? 4. Can we employ solar energy directly? 5. Have scientists transformed
solar energy into electr ic energy? 6. Is potential energy the energy of motion?
7. Do we need more and more electric ener gy every year? 8. Are there vari ous
forms of energy? 9. Do you use electric ener gy every day? 10. Can th e energy
of falling water be used t o drive the turbin es? 11. Is kinetic ener gy the energy
of position?
6. Form questions for the following short answers .
Model: Is the sun an unlimited source of energy? – Yes, it is.
1. Yes, he does. 6. No, there are not .
2. No, we do not. 7. Yes, she must.
3. No, they cannot. 8. Yes, there is.
4. Yes, I did. 9. No, you may not.
5. No, it is not. 10. Yes, I shall.
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7. Translate the following sentences.
The form
Active
Passive
Simple Gerund
reading
being read (3 ф.)
Perfect Gerund
having read (3 ф.)
having been read (3 ф.)
Simultaneous action
Prior action
Simple Gerund Active
Perfect Gerund Active
1. Падающая вода может приводить в действие турбину. 2. Говоря об
энергии, мы могли бы упомянуть потенциальную и кинетическую энергию.
3. Работая в лаборатории, студент пользовался электрическими приборами.
4. Прочитав второй урок, мы начали переводить его. 5. Химические источники тока находят ограниченное применение в промышленности.
8. State the energy change that takes place in each of the following de-
vices.
Model: Motor changes electrical energy into mechanical energy.
1. generator, 2. lamp, 3. battery, 4. washing machine, 5. electric furnace,
6. vacuum cle aner, 7. Semiconductor
9. Retell the text.
UNIT 6. GERUND
Герундий представляет собой неличную глагольную форму, выражающую название действия и обладающую как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма
отсутствует.
Герундий имеет формы времени и залога:
Simple Gerund Passive
E.g.: I am surprised at hearing this. – Я удивлен слышать это.
I don’t remember having seen him before. – Я не помню, чтобы я его
раньше видел.
Perfect Gerund Passive
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Признаки герундия
English version
Translation
Notes
1. Subject (подлежащее ) – обозначает лицо (или предмет), которое со-
Reading Englis h
Чтение (читать) англий-
Существительное (не-
Перед герундием (в отличие от причастия) могут стоять:
1) предлог (by, in , of, without, on, instead of, in addition to, for, after, be-
fore и др.): Excuse me for being so late. – Извините, что я так опоздал;
2) притяжательное местоимение (my, your, her, his, its, our, their):
I don’t mind your going there. – Я не против того, чтобы ты туда пошел;
3) существительное в притяжательном падеже: I don’t mind Peter’s
going there. – Я не против того, чтобы Петр туда пошел.
Перевод герундия на русский язык
Герундий переводится на русский язык следующими способами:
1. Именем существительным: Reading English books every day will
improve your knowledge of the language. – Ежедневное чтение английских
книг улучшит ваше знание языка.
2. Инфинитивом (неопределенной формой глагола): She is afraid of
bathing there. – Она боится купаться там.
3. Деепричастием: He went away without leaving his address. – Он
уехал, не оставив своего адреса.
4. Глаголом в личной форме. В этом случае герундий переводится на
русский язык придаточным предложением. Такие придаточные предложения часто начинаются словами то, что (чтобы). Указательное место-
имение то может стоять в различных падежах: She reproached herself for
having said it. – Она упрекала себя за то, что сказала это.
Functions of the Gerund
вершает действие, выраженное сказуемым.
books is useful for our
students.
ских книг полезно нашим студентам.
30
определенная форма
глагола – НФГ)