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Файл:Technical English for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
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over a fire expanded a little and melted. 4. The power expended on a
circuit is measured by the product of the amperes generated in it and the
potential difference in volts at the ends of that circuit. 5. The
atmospheric effects are partially responsible for a new field often
referred to as microwave meteorology. 6. The change in volume of a
fixed quantity of a substance is due to heating. 7. The experiments were
conducted in the orbital module with control panel located in the new
cabin. 8. A drive mechanism fitted in the top end of the center body
rotated the solar panels. 9. The substance obtained contained a small
amount of hydrogen. 10. This is a formula written for the new substance
referred to in the article. 11. All the tests made on the prototype model
showed that improvements could be made leading to the design of the
device described here. 12. Having analyzed the properties of the liquid
we discovered that it was poisonous. 13. The heat liberated accelerated
the reaction. 14. The text was explained to the students by the teacher.
15. Rutherford's discovery of nuclear atom, further developed by Bohr,
furnished a detailed explanation of the spectrum of the hydrogen atom.
Ex. 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to the participles and
adverbs.
so/thus – так, таким образом
so far/thus far – до сих пор
1. The values thus found are of some interest. 2. The results so far
received are not accurate enough. 3. The problem so explained was
easily understood. 4. The articles thus far written on the subject are of
no interest. 5. The work so done provided us with new data. 6. The
method thus far used by us was effective enough. 7. The results thus
achieved were of great help. 8. The measurements so far made are to be
repeated.
Ex. 10. Translate these sentences into Russian.
Учтите, что Past Participles в роли определения могут стоять как до,
так и после определяемого слова; последние называются «постпозитивными причастиями». Их особенно трудно отличить от
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совпадающих с ними по форме стандартных глаголов в Past Simple;
поэтому перевод предложения следует начинать с отыскания личных
форм глагола-сказуемого, а затем – подлежащего, связанного с ним по
смыслу.
1. A piece of steel heated red and then suddenly chilled becomes
extremely hard. 2. In certain experiments it was found that extremely
small particles of a substance dissolved kept moving about in all
directions without slowing down or coming to rest. 3. The temperatures
required are enormous. 4. Joule showed that mechanical energy could
be converted into heat and that the amount of heat developed was
always exactly proportional to the amount of mechanical work done.
5. Ecasilicon (экасилиций) is the element predicted by Mendeleyev
and discovered by Winkler, now known under the name of germanium.
6. The actual amount of heat obtained may be calculated when the
conditions pertaining to the combustion are fully known. 7. We give the
results of the made calculations in decimals. 8. Prepare a diagram of your
solution and give a clear explanation to all the people working at this
problem.
ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION (APC)
Ex. 1. Point out APC and translate the sentences into Russian.
A
1. The speed being higher, the degree of ionization along the track
increases. 2. Many servomechanisms and regulators are composed
essentially of a number of control elements connected in series, the output
of one used as the input to the next. 3. The code output of the computer is
fed to a set of electromagnets, each pair of output wires connected to a
separate magnet. 4. The sun is a source of a great variety of radiations,
many of which producing important effects on the earth's atmosphere. 5. If
the network has several voltage sources, each branch current is composed
of several component currents, each component produced by one of the
individual voltage sources. 6. The travelled distance having been given in
meters and the time in seconds, speed was measured in m.p.s., that is, in
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meters per second. 7. The positive pole having been brought near the
negative pole, the latter attracts it. 8. The mechanic having repaired the
motor, the engineer examined it. 9. Two bodies having potentials of 100
volts and 50 volts, a potential difference exists between them of 50 volts.
10. Part of the energy being changed into heat, not all the chemical energy
of the cell battery is transformed into electric energy. 11. The anode being
maintained at a positive potential with respect to the cathode, the
electrons are attracted to it. The electric field between the plates being
altered, particles of a different velocity may be selected for study. 12. The
conductivity depends on the number of ions present, the substance being
more ionized in dilute solution. 13. The electricity is carried exclusively by
the electrons, the atomic nuclei remaining stationary. 14. As stated before,
the greater the binding energy, the more stable the nucleus. 15. Only the
uranium series is shown, it being typical of the rest.
Ex. 2. Translate the sentences into Russian. Mind the conjunction
“WITH”.
Example:
The friction of the air producing much heat, the body... Так как при
трении о воздух выделяется большое количество тепла, тело...
...,the electrons moving round the nucleus. ...причем электроны
движутся вокруг ядра.
With the airplanes flying higher and faster... Теперь, когда самолеты
летают выше и быстрее...
....,with atoms loosing electrons. ...причем атомы теряют
электроны.
1. The components of the velocity of a body moving in the air being
known, the resultant velocity may be found. 2. The pressure being known
at some point in the flow of air, the pressure at another point on the same
streamline may be calculated by Bernoulli's law. 3. The heat being
proportional to the square of the current, the rise in temperature in a hotwire instrument is also proportional to the square of current. 4. A
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magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying wire, its strength decreasing
as the distance from the wire surface increases. 5. The 101 elements that
were discovered or predicted up to 1956 have atomic numbers from 1 to
101, all gaps between these numbers having been filled by now. 6. The
nucleus of an ordinary hydrogen atom consists of one proton, with one
electron moving round it. 7. A cylinder of a gasoline engine is like a gun,
with the piston taking the place of a bullet. 8. The power of the solar
radiation emission was very variable, with emission occurring sometimes
for several days. 9. With magnesium already being used greatly, the three
materials: titanium, zirconium and magnesium have greatly reduced the
weight of the aircraft. 10. Over 100 different isotopes of more than 20
different elements have been detected among fission products of uranium.
All of these atoms are, however, in the middle of the periodic table, with
atomic numbers ranging-from 34 to 58. 11. It is frequently said that the
atom is a sort of miniature solar system, with its electrons orbiting about
the nucleus as the planets orbit around the Sun. 12. With further heating
the waves are still shorter and colour advances along the spectrum, with
yellow, then blue waves, being emitted.
GERUND
Ex. 1. Translate the sentences paying attention to the gerund.
1. We can increase the current by reducing the resistance of the circuit.
2. Atomic energy is used in medicine besides its being a source of heat
and power. 3. There are various ways of charging a body with electricity.
4. Leaving the earth means moving upwards against gravitation and this
requires work. 5. A lightning conductor is a means of protecting buildings
from strokes of lightning. 6. A beam of such materials would fail under
fairly light loads owing to the tensile stresses due to bending. 7. Upon
switching off the current the pressure dropped. 8. Air cooling instead of
water cooling would also reduce the weight of the engine. 9. Trying to
minimize the importance of the discovery was of no use. 10. Since power
is the rate of doing work, the amount done in a given time is the rate of
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doing work multiplied by the time. 11. Neutrons were found to be
particularly effective in making radioisotopes and were so used for
almost every element. 12. Batteries offer the dual advantage of having no
moving parts and of converting chemical to electrical energy without
need to reject much heat. 13. The new device resembles conventional
two-element electron tubes in having a cathode from which electrons are
boiled and another electrode to which these electrons flow. 14. We know
of work and energy being closely related. 15. In physics energy is defined
as capacity for doing work.
Ex. 2. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. For converting electrical energy into mechanical energy, use a special
machine called motor. 2. The idea of using hydrogen and oxygen as fuels
for interplanetary rockets originated early in the 19th century. 3 From the
earliest times, systems for weighing objects and for measuring them have
been in use. 4. Combining small nuclei to form bigger ones is called
atomic fusion. 5. Protecting buildings from the strokes of lightning was a
great achievement in the field of electricity. 6. Steam is an important
factor in producing energy because of the power being created by its
expansion. 7. A motor starter is a device for starting motors from rest by
a simple act of closing its switch. 8. One of the problems modern
research laboratories are working at is the problem of finding materials
that can serve as electrical conductors in fusion reactors. 9. Drawing
curves gives us a means of showing the relation existing between the two
constants. 10. A lightning conductor is capable of protecting buildings
from the strokes of lightning. 11. Heat is developed on splitting atoms in
the reactor. 12. When speaking about the problems of utilizing solar
energy, we should stress their aim. 13. Heating the gas increases the
speed of the molecules. 14. Losing electrons atoms become ions.
15. Overheating an engine is prevented by producing some cooling
system. 16. Moving through the magnetic field the coil of wire will cut
the lines of force.
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Ex. 3. Translate the sentences. Mind the gerund and the participle used
as an attribute.
Compare:
Operating engine – работающий двигатель
Operating principle – принцип действия
Landing field, boiling temperature, controlling equipment, cooling
system, increasing importance, burning fuel, burning time, landing speed,
decomposing compound, measuring device.
Ex. 4. Translate the following word combinations and sentences.
(in – при; on, upon – по, после; by – путем, при помощи, without – без,
не).
A
in accelerating the engine…
in solving the problem…
upon calculating the speed…
on pressing the lever…
on connecting the wires…
by igniting the mixture…
by applying the method…
without increasing the speed…
without using oxygen…
B
1. In rotating the magnet, we also rotate the magnetic field. 2. On
connecting a galvanometer to the circuit, we‘ll see that there is an electric
current flowing. 3. A steam engine is driven by introducing steam into
cylinders. 4. A constant speed is maintained by supplying it with energy.
5. On having lost some of the electrons, the atom has a positive charge.
6. By raising the filament temperature, we increase the number of
electrons emitted. 7. Popov transmitted and received electromagnetic
77
energy over a considerable distance without using any conductors 8. A
device, which stores electric chargers by using the attraction, which they
exercise on each other, is a condenser. 9. On considering many examples,
we see that stretching elastic materials cannot be increased indefinitely.
10. The spring returned to its original state after having been stretched.
Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian.
by – тем, что
of – о том, что
to – тому, что
in – в том, что; к тому, что
in addition to – кроме того, что
in spite of – несмотря на то что
besides – кроме того, что
owing to – благодаря тому, что
due to – вследствие того, что; благодаря тому, что
1. The reaction proceeding via another route was a surprise. 2. This is due
to the reaction running at a low temperature. 3. They succeeded in getting
reliable information on dealing with this type of error. 4. This was due to
the central atom being screened. 5. This is a result of our not having
specified input or output variables for the network. 6. Metals cannot be
dissolved without being changed into new substances. 7. In addition to
being a tool of science, mathematics is also an art form. 8. Their number
depends on the probability of an arriving atom finding another atom on the
surface. 9. They insisted on the sample being tested repeatedly.
10. Combustion may be incomplete owing to insufficient oxygen being
present. 11. They objected to using greater voltage in this case.
Ex. 6. Translate the words in brackets using gerund or gerundial
construction.
1. The solution of this problem depends (от получения новейших
данных). 2. Have you heard (о том, что им предложили) an interesting
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work? 3. He insisted (на том, чтобы я включил) this material in the
Запомните, что герундиальный оборот переводится с помощью
придаточного предложения, которое вводится словами «то,
что…» в соответствующем падеже или существительным
с предлогом.
report to be made at the next meeting. 4. We have succeeded
(разработать) quantum generators. 4. Research in the field of
optoelectronics has resulted (производство) miniaturized reliable
sources of light of very simple design. 5. Plank is famous (тем, что
сформулировал) quantum theory. 6. What’s the good of (продолжать)
the experiment when you have no substances required! 7. On account of
(того, что они не работали) we failed to complete a new design.8. It is
no use (переводить) this article because of (того, что она не содержит)
any new information. 9. Machines capable (обрабатывать) data with
very little human help are being used in this process. 10. We insisted (на
том, чтобы корреспондент рассказал) us about the principle of
automated processing as we knew (о том, что он принимал участие) in
constructing this system. 11. I remember (что мне показали) those
devices.
Of his having taken part; having been shown; on my including; the
reporter’s telling; in manufacturing; for having formulated; continuing;
upon receiving the latest data; of their having been offered; its not
containing; translating; handling; their not working; in developing.
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the
gerundial construction.
1. We know of different experiments being made in this laboratory.
2. Thanks to the lightning conductor being invented, it is possible to
protect buildings from the strokes of lightning. 3. Kotelnikov and
Wiener's having recognized clearly the fundamental role of noise in
limiting the performance of communication system had an important
79
influence in modulation theory. 4. Lebedev's having worked out an
efficient method of making artificial rubbers made our industry
independent of imported rubber. 5. The computer of the latest design has
an advantage of being smaller in size and simple in operation. 6. The less
stable a chemical compound, the greater is the chance of its being
transformed into another or several other compounds. 7. When a fast
neutron strikes a nucleus the probability of its being captured by that
nucleus is very small. 8. Poor management results in the men's rapidly
coming to feel that the company is not a good place to work. 9. The
velocity of a moving object can be changed by its speeding up, slowing
down or changing its direction. 10. The picture of atom's losing electrons
was revolutionary at the time of Thomson's discovery (1897) because it
involved the new idea that the electron is an essential part of a neutral
atom, a part which in electric discharges may be torn off. 11. Some of the
metals are characterized by being unusually strong. 12. No book on
synthetic rubber can be written without the names of S.V. Lebedev and
I.L. Kondakov being mentioned. 13. We know of Rutherford's having
shown that particles were atoms of helium. 14. The chemical importance
of uranium lies in its being the prototype for the succeeding three
elements.
Ex. 8. Translate the sentences. Define all the -ing forms.
1. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for compressing the air
before mixing it with fuel in the combustion chamber. 2. One of the
earliest ideas to propel a vehicle using mechanical power was suggested
by Isaac Newton. 3. Charging the electroscope positively do not affect the
electroscope discharge rate. 4. In spite of our calling an e.m.f. a force, it
is not a force at all, as that term is understood in mechanics. 5. On
connecting the ends of the metals with a metal wire, we cause a current to
flow through that wire. 6. Reversing the current direction in one of the
two parallel wires will reverse the direction of the magnetic force. 7. In
order to obtain a definite temperature scale we make use of the fact that
bodies generally expand on being heated. 8. On charging an object by
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induction, we charge it by the influence of an electrified body at
a distance. 9. Connecting the two terminals in a closed circuit leads to
a steady flow of current from one terminal to the other. 10. Screw
fastenings are used for holding two or more machine parts together or
for adjusting one part with relation to another. 11. A connecting pin may
be used as a permanent connection. 12. Riveting has been the standard
method of joining plates and structural parts before welding began to
replace it with increasing rapidity.
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК
Сочетания существительных без предлогов
(цепочки существительных)
В беспредложном сочетании существительных опорным словом
является не первое (как в русском языке: заведующий кафедрой;
скорость ветра), а последнее существительное. Существительные
слева от него выполняют функцию определения, т.е. отвечают на
вопрос what / which / what kind / whose? (какой / который / чей?) и
передаются на русский язык при помощи или прилагательного, или
существительного в косвенном падеже:
ocean floor – дно океана
ocean current – океаническое течение
surface current velocity – скорость поверхностного течения
air mass – воздушная масса
air mass density – плотность воздушной массы
temperature drop – падение температуры
water drop temperature – температура капли воды
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