Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Technical English for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
.pdf
51
научных работников, интересующихся закономерностями индивидуального развития.
Пример аннотаций на английском и русском языках
Sensitivity Paradox in Multiprocessor Computer Systems
In the paper multiprocessor system is analyzed from the point of view
of the influence of the load change. It is shown, that relative changes of
gene length of tasks waiting for processing depend on the number of
processors working parallel. These relative changes are larger for larger
numbers of processors – service lines. This so-called relative sensitivity
paradox is proved for general models of mass service systems with product
form solution. The control of the multiprocessor system is discussed from
the point of view of suitable controlled variable.
Key Words: Multiprocessor Computer, Control of Multiprocessor
System, Mass Service System, Sensitivity to Parameter Variation.
Парадокс чувствительности в многопроцессорных вычислительных
системах.
Резюме: В статье анализируется многопроцессорная вычислительная система с точки зрения влияния изменения загрузки. Показывается, что относительное изменение длины зависит от количества
процессоров, работающих совместно. Это относительное изменение
возрастает в зависимости от увеличения количества процессоров.
Этот так называемый парадокс чувствительности доказывается для
моделей систем массового обслуживания, имеющих решение в
мультипликативном виде. Обсуждается управление многопроцессорных систем с точки зрения удобной управляемой переменной.
Ключевые слова: многопроцессорная вычислительная система,
управление многопроцессорной системой, система массового обслуживания, чувствительность к изменению параметров.
52
Пример развернутой и краткой аннотаций на английском языке
Current Status and Future of Intelligent Industrial Robots
Полная аннотация: This paper reviews the current status of
industrial robots and discusses their future from the viewpoint of the basic
key function which will be required for future intelligent applications. Ten
basic key functions are introduced as examples which satisfy the following
four conditions: 1) low price, 2) high performance, 3) high reliability, and
4) simplicity. All of these functions are necessary if robots are to perform
tasks more effectively in actual applications. The effectiveness of the
functions are explained using ten industrial robots or robotic machines
which have been developed by Hitachi. The operational processes of the
robots are classified into five categories:
1) knowledge utilization and enhancement;
2) understanding surroundings;
3) motion planning;
4) actuator control;
5) decision making.
The basic functions of current industrial robots seem to be mainly
centered in categories 2), 3), and 4). In order for robots to obtain higher
intelligence, it is necessary to add more effective functions in categories
1) and 5) in addition to those in categories 2), 3), and 4).
Краткая аннотация: This paper reviews the current status of
industrial robots and discusses their future prospects from the viewpoint of
the basic key functions in the understanding surroundings and motion
planning categories.
Особое внимание следует уделять переводу заглавий научного
текста, так как заглавие является органическим элементом текста и
может выполнять часть функций реферата (или аннотации).
Необходимо иметь в виду, что заголовки научно-технических
статей отличает яркая, красочная форма изложения, экспрессивность
средств их преподнесения читателю, отсутствие (опускание) ряда
53
частей речи (артиклей, союзов, глаголов). Заголовки могут быть
представлены в виде назывного или полного предложения,
постановки вопроса, восклицательного предложения. Перевод
заголовка, как правило, выполняется после того, как полностью
уяснена сущность переводимого материала.
II. GRAMMAR EXERCISES
PASSIVE VOICE
Трудные случаи перевода страдательного залога на русский
язык.
а) глаголы, которые требуют после себя дополнения с предлогом и
в русском переводе тоже имеют предложное дополнение, например:
to depend on (upon) smth. – зависеть от чего-л.
to deal with smth. – иметь дело с чем-л.
to refer to smth. – ссылаться на что-л.
Примечание. Запомните словосочетание to refer to as – называться,
например:
The phenomenon is referred to as acceleration.
Это явление называется акселерацией.
б) глаголы, за которыми идет беспредложное дополнение, но
которые в русском переводе требуют предложного, например:
to answer smth. – отвечать на
to follow smth. – следовать за чем-л.
to affect smth. / to influence smth.– влиять на что-л.
to approach smth. – подходить к чему-л.
Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences with the Predicates in Active
and Passive.
1. The operation of a receiving station is influenced by a number of
factors. 2. Magnetron is a vacuum tube whose current is affected by a
54
magnetic field. 3. Valve radio sets were followed by the transistor radio
sets. 4. The work of Rutherford was followed by great research work of
many other scientists. 5. Cosmic radiation is influenced by some
phenomena of nature. 6. The properties of these systems were spoken
about. 7. New electronic devices are dealt with in this article. 8. The use of
colour television is spoken about in the following article. 9. Solar batteries
are dealt with in this new textbook. 10. Receiving station operation is
greatly influenced by various factors. 11. This engineer's design was much
spoken of at the conference. 12. Long-range communication systems are
being successfully used in our country. 13. The outer-space relays
application will result in a better space communication. 14. This system
lifetime was greatly increased due to the application of semiconductors.
15. The number of systems using super conducting materials totals two
hundred. 16. This equipment stability has been greatly improved by means
of new efficient parts. 17. This research was given particular attention
because of its prime importance for the development of this branch of
physics. 18. The new research center houses all necessary equipment for
radio engineering investigation. 19. The scientists have perfected the
operation of this system due to the application of new electronic
equipment.
Ex. 2. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the tense-form
in Passive.
1. The reading of every indicating instruments are obtained in a
minimum of time. 2. The nature of the material determines the ease with
which electrons are allowed to pass. 3. The space surrounding a charged
body, in which another charged body is acted upon by a force tending
to move it, constitutes an electric field. 4. The action of some instruments
cannot be much relied upon because of their being not sensitive
enough. 5. The choice of the method is highly influenced by the results
required. 6. The space surrounding a charged body is called field of force.
This electric field may be thought of as consisting of a number of lines of
force representing the directions in which the electric force acts. 7. An
55
e.m.f. (electromotive force) induced in a stationary electric circuit, by the
change in the number of magnetic lines, linking with it, is referred to as a
"statically induced" e.m.f. 8. A number of lines of magnetic intensity are
spoken of collectively, as "magnetic flux" and the number per square
centimeter of cross section as the "flux density". 9. During the last
several years some attempts have been made to classify the elementary
particles. 10. In recent years much of our interest has been centered
round the problem of the evolution of comets. 11. The contribution of
scientists to space research has been greatly appreciated. 12. In the last
few decades much of the data in various areas of physics has been
analyzed quite well in terms of the quantum theory. 13. The studies,
which have been described in this paper, have become classical ones.
14. In recent literature the problems and prospects of this new trend in
science have not been discussed exhaustively. 15. A few improvements
have lately been recommended to facilitate the experiments on atomic
collisions. 16. During the last decades a great number of researchers
have been involved in the study of cancer problems. 17. Valuable
information has been obtained in recent years on the age and composition
of the moon. 18. Various ideas have been proposed to explain the origin
of this planet. 19.
In Class A amplifiers the plate current flows at all
times, even though no signal is being amplified. 20. The voltage change
is brought about by the difference in the number of turns in the two coils.
MODAL VERBS
Ex. 1. Change the following sentences according to the model.
Model: A transformer is to transform electrical energy from one
alternating voltage to another.
1. A series motor will take a large current. 2. The primary winding will be
connected to the source of energy. 3. The high-voltage winding will be
used for the higher voltage. 4. A new source of power will be put to
the service of man. 5. The energy of atom will be transformed into
electric energy at atomic power plants.
56
Ex. 2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal
verbs.
1. These factors had to be taken into account. 2. Of course the ancients did
not know why amber could attract the light objects. 3. This substance
might be an insulator or a conductor. 4. The energy, which has to be
supplied by the generator or battery, is transformed into heat within the
conductor. 5. Let us picture what ought to happen provided there were a
conducting wire between two points of unequal potential. 6. The machine
was stopped because the difference in results must have been more than
tolerant. 7. In general solids may be good conductors or poor. 8. To
detect very weak radiosignals a directional antenna and a highly sensitive
radio receiver are to be used. 9. The sequence of reasonable operations
might be carried out by the microcomputer. 10. When the forces act in the
same direction, the resultant can be found by adding the applied forces.
11. The progress of the reaction can be followed by measuring the total
pressure. 12. The mass may often be defined as the quality of matter
remaining constant everywhere. 13. From the requirements of the theory of
Bohr it is to be anticipated that the theory would be more accurate the
higher the speed of the particle. 14. The process might be repeated if we
want to receive more accurate results. 15. They must be able to identify the
particular error that has occurred in the input. 16. Every visible event in
nature can be explained by previous events. 17. The technique of taking
Raman spectra cannot be made the subject of detailed discussion. 18. The
pressure of one of these points can well be chosen at will. 19. These
processes need not be considered in details.
Ex. 3. Translate these sentences. Mind modal verbs and perfect
infinitive.
1. The authors suggested that denaturation may have occurred during
preparation of the gamma globuline. 2. Although the structures proposed
may not have been established with complete certainty, all known facts,
physical and chemical, fit beautifully this ingenious interpretation. 3. The
57
introduction of symbols for negative numbers must have been a further
source of difficulties. 4. Sustained experiments with the cyclotron
produced rare hits of the target by what might have been the atom of the
new element. 5. It is for this reason that many reports on scientific research
include discussion of how the research ought to have been done in the light
of the experience gained in having done it the first time. 6. This must have
given rise to the molecule changing its configuration. 7. This intrinsic
theorem may have been proved centuries ago. 8. His name might have
been added to the list. 9. The host cells must have been growing in an
appropriate physical and chemical environment. 10. The requirement may
have been met in the previous experiment. 11. Sometimes he worked later
than he ought to have done. 12. From the early times, the development of
the mathematics of number must have given rise to philosophical
puzzlement. 13. For a start some delimitation, however tentative, must
have been indispensable.
CONDITIONALS
Ex. 1. Change the following conditional sentences according to the
model. Mind the voice of the verbs:
M o d e l : If air-cooled engines are used, the planes will have greater
reliability in operation.
If air-cooled engines were used, the planes would have
greater reliability in operation.
If air-cooled engines had been used, the planes would have
had greater reliability in operation.
1. If the rotary motion is transmitted to the car wheels, the car will
move. 2. If a piston moves in a straight line, its up-and-down
movement will be called a reciprocating motion. 3. If the shaft rotates,
the crank will swing around in a circle. 4. If the ignition system
produces a spark, the mixture will be ignited. 5. If crude oil is put
through a refining process, we will obtain gasoline.
58
Ex. 2. Define the type of the condition and translate the sentences.
1. If this is the case, this hypothesis may prove to be valid. 2. If this is not
the case, it is necessary to make use of an alternative formulation. 3. It
would be much more convenient if a machine were available that would
give the gain change in decibels and phase change in degrees for a given
change in frequency. 4. Had there been no earth's gravitation, the satellites
would have moved through airless space in a straight line at a uniform
speed. 5. Unless a very high pressure is used, electrons produce only a
small number of ions. 6. If you plot only these parameters the pattern will
be too much oversimplified. 7. Had we informed proper agencies
interested in building such a machine we should have received their
necessary assistance. 8. No matter what is the number of the event, the
frequency of recombination is 0. 5, provided the exchanges occur at
random. 9. Unless other conditions are stated specifically, we will use the
term 'state' to represent an equilibrium state. 10. If life existed on Venus,
we should know this. 11. Unless the widening were small, this spectrum
would not be very faint compared with others. 12. One will easily calculate
the volume, if he knows the dimensions of the body. 13. Of course the
waves might have been discovered if Maxwell had not predicted them
from his mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, but they were
not so discovered. 14. But for the striking changes in the structure of the
matter one could have predicted the resulting concentration. 15. Unless a
very high pressure is used electrons produce only a small number of ions.
Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the
subjunctive mood.
1. There would be no increase in current at all, were it not for a small
effect of voltage. 2. Provided one knows the rate of the emission, one can
determine the range of the particles. 3. If atomic nuclei contain electrons,
their charges should be always whole multiples of the electronic charge.
4. If extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction were not so
high a hypersonic craft would not require complicated cooling measures.
5. Were the design of cars improved the fuel consumption would be
greatly reduced. 6. If we had installed the equipment, we would become
59
more competitive. 7. It would be worthwhile investigating the substance
mentioned, provided we could get it in sufficient quantity. 8. If the neutron
and proton had the same mass, and if the Coulomb energy were
completely negligible, there should be a definite correlation between the
energy levels of isobars. 9. Had it not been for a large size of this body, we
should have already weighed it on our pan. 10. Were one electron
removed, a net positive charge would be left. 11. Had this warning been
needed, the reaction might have taken quite a different turn. 12. But for
radio astronomy, we should have never made the remarkable discoveries
in the Universe. 13. If we raise the temperature the film will expand. 14. If
the masses of equal volumes are not the same, the density is not uniform.
15. If the model fits well, the observed data will be correct.
Ex. 4. Combine the following pairs of sentences according to the model.
Mind the tense and voice of the verbs.
M o d e l : The rotary motion will be transmitted to the car wheels,
(if) They will rotate.
If the rotary motion is transmitted to the car wheels, they
will rotate.
1. This engine will not be used. Engineers will make some design
improvements (until) 2. The shaft will rotate (as) The crank will swing
around in a circle. 3. The wheels will go round (when) The car will
move. 4. Only one end of the piston will act on the fluid (when) The
compressor will be a single-acting unit. 5. The intake valve will
open. The piston will move down (before).
INFINITIVE
Ex. 1. Translate into Russian paying attention to the infinitives.
1. Pulleys and gears used to transmit power to or from shafts must be
rigidly attached to the shafts. 2. Large piping networks are laid to
distribute water, steam, gas, oil and other fluids. 3. To convey fluids,
most steel pipes are welded and riveted. 4. Cast iron, steel, lead, copper,
60
glass, plastics and concrete are known to be the materials commonly
used in the manufacture of pipes. 5. We know cast-iron pipes to be
adapted to underground and submerge service. 6. Pipes to convey fluids
are usually made of steel.
Ex. 2. Change the following sentences according to the model.
Mоde1: A diesel engine is considered to be a prime mover actuated by
gases.
It is considered that a diesel engine is a prime mover actuated
by gases.
1. Steam, gas and oil engines are known to have been used prior to the
invention of the diesel engine. 2. The name "heat engines" is known to
include many types of engines and turbines. 3. The engine is said to be a
source of power. 4. The up-and-down movement of the piston is known to
be a reciprocating motion. 5. Heat engines are supposed to lose much
heat energy when they do mechanical work. 6. An electric current is
known to be a stream of electrons driven through a conductor. 7. The
electric current is considered to flow from the negative to the positive
terminal. 8. The electrons are said to pass from one atom to another.
9. Different substances are known to differ markedly in electrical
conductivity. 10. Every student is supposed to know such fundamental
terms as intensity of the current, voltage, electromotive force (e.m.f.),
and resistance. 11. The caloric theory of heat is known to have existed
almost up to the middle of the 19th century. 12. Very sophisticated
transmitters and receivers are known to possess "memories". 13. A filler is
said to have a good thermal conductivity when it has a higher thermal
conductivity than the mass it is mixed with.
Ex. 3. Define the function of the infinitive at the beginning of the
sentences (subject or adverbial modifier of purpose).
Compare:
То learn the principles of lift the scientists had to... (adverbial
modifier of purpose).
Для того чтобы изучить принципы действия подъемной силы,
ученые должны были...
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]