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Файл:Technical English for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
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121
VIII. Некоторые способы перевода глагола to follow и его
производных (Participle I, II):
to follow – 1) следовать за; 2) следить за; 3) использовать (о методе,
теории и т.д.); прослеживаться
following – 1) следующий за; 2) использующий; 3) после
followed by – за которым следует, с последующим
Translate the sentences.
1. Here is a complicated introductory paragraph followed by a slightly
easier one. 2. The following is a brief outline of these components. 3. The
review is followed by a discussion of the problem. 4. The following
parameters should be monitored and controlled. 5. The proof follows the
same type of arguments as the one for Lemma 1. 6. A sudden increase in
demand will be followed by the rise of plant capacity. 7. Following a
procedure analogous to that of Kurokawa, one obtains. 8. Following the
war the firm's output greatly increased. 9. The logical strategy to follow
would be to proceed to the following step.
IX. Некоторые способы перевода глагола to get:
1) получать, доставать – смысловой глагол;
2) становиться – глагол-связка;
3) заставлять – в обороте «дополнение с инфинитивом»;
4) get не переводится, когда является вспомогательным глаголом при
образовании страдательного залога.
Translate the sentences.
1. The latter problem has started to get special attention. 2. What happens
when a boxer gets knocked out in the ring? 3. To get the best out of any
language, some knowledge of simulation techniques is essential. 4. As
people get older they grow more set in their ways and do not welcome any
innovation. 5. You cannot expect to get anything without working for it.
6. He got his proposals accepted.
122
X. Основные способы перевода слова that:
1) тот, та, то – если that стоит перед существительным в
единственном числе; указательное местоимение;
2) который – если that стоит после существительного; вводит
определительное придаточное предложение;
3) то, что – если that стоит в начале предложения; вводит
придаточное подлежащее;
4) что – если that стоит после сказуемого; вводит дополнительное
придаточное предложение;
5) чтобы – если that вводит придаточное предложение со сказуемым
в сослагательном наклонении;
6) слово-заместитель; переводился ранее упомянутым
существительным, за ним идет предлог или причастие;
7) that может входить в состав второго элемента усилительной
конструкции it is ... that.
Запомните также сочетание:
now that – теперь, когда.
Translate the sentences.
1. Every man has three characters: that which he exhibits, that which he
has, and that which he thinks he has. 2. The procedure that has been
followed has many disadvantages. 3. The method investigated for solving
these problems is that of combinatorial programming. 4. They did not ask
us to prove that the symbols in question were effective. 5. That these
patterns can be critical has been demonstrated by Fogg. 6. It is necessary
that the criteria should be made explicit. 7. It is imperative to good
management that risks and costs be minimized. 8. We simply assume that
names will be substituted by the expressions that define them. 9. This
solution has the disadvantage that it is too complicated. 10. The Greeks in
the fifth century B.C. had the idea that the Earth was a sphere. 11. It is
from this point that the theory takes off. 12. If one believes that one will
believe anything. 13. It is the end that matters. 14. This formulation
reduces to that given in table 6.
123
XI. Некоторые способы перевода слова very:
1) истинный, настоящий, сущий (перед существительным);
2) самый, тот самый (перед существительным);
3) очень, в значительной степени.
Translate the sentences.
1. We aim to give learners a very rich input of natural English from the
very beginning. 2. Students come with very specific and diverse interests.
3. They liked the work very much. 4. A very important task was set before
him. 5. On the very day of its arrival the delegation visited the plant.
6. Science by its very nature is adequate to aid the manager in producing
good decisions. 7. The only significant irregularity is the very low constant
term in the first equation. 8. From the very beginning geometry was based
rather on experience than on axioms.
XII. Некоторые способы перевода слова well:
1) родник; скважина; колодец; источник (перен.);
2) хорошо – обычно стоит в конце предложения;
3) вполне – если well используется перед инфинитивом (в составе
сказуемого).
Запомните следующие словосочетания:
as well – также (обычно as well стоит в конце предложения, при
переводе также выносится в начало предложения)
as well as – 1) так же, как и; 2) так же хорошо, как и (в научном
тексте встречается редко)
well below – значительно ниже
well above – значительно выше
well after – значительно позже
well in advance – значительно раньше
well over– значительно больше
Translate the sentences.
1. All is well that ends well. 2. It could well be maintained that this is a
result of knowing the concept well. 3. This value may well express
different propositions. 4. These events are known well enough. 5. The
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same seems to be true for other applications as well. 6. There are
advantages as well as disadvantages in having a king who is a foreigner.
7. Material well-being depends on consumption. 8. They regard these
phenomena as reasonably well established. 9. The rate of growth in these
countries was well below the long-term underlining trend. 10. This type of
production process is fairly well understood. 11. He could change his mind
as well. 12. We got the value which is well above the predicted one.
13. The firms may be informed about the changes well in advance.
XIII. Некоторые способы перевода слова with:
1) с – предлог;
2) путем, с помощью;
3) в зависимости от;
4) в случае – обычно если with находится в начале предложения.
With не переводится в двух случаях:
1) когда указывает на отношения, выражаемые творительным
падежом;
2) когда вводит абсолютные (независимые) обороты
Запомните следующие словосочетания:
along with – наряду с, вместе с
with an exception – за исключением
with по exception – без исключения
with regard to – относительно
Translate the sentences.
1. With this technique the calculation can be carried out more exactly. 2. In
this chapter we attempt to make certain suggestions with regard to higher
education and research. 3. Appetite comes with eating. 4. You can prove
anything with statistics. 5. To be good with children is considered to be a
virtue. 6. I liked the new machine with its enormous engine. 7. They were
extremely pleased with the results. 8. They should be provided with tools,
techniques, and terminology. 9. All the representatives were invited, with
no exception.
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XIV. Некоторые значения слова consider и его производных:
to consider
1) рассматривать, обсуждать;
2) считать, полагать;
3) учитывать, принимать во внимание.
consideration
1) рассмотрение, обсуждение;
2) соображение, мысль.
Запомните следующие словосочетания:
under consideration – рассматриваемый
without consideration – не учитывая
to take into consideration – принимать во внимание
considerable – значительный
Translate the sentences.
1. In this case time considerations were sometimes overlooked. 2. All the
criteria were also motivated by purely economic considerations. 3. The
developments must be taken into consideration in any implementation
decision. 4. These techniques therefore will not be considered here.
5. Their work was considered important. 6. They made further definitions
without consideration of the recent findings. 7. His interest is focused on
commercial considerations. 8. The problem under consideration is of
utmost importance for further development of the method. 9. They failed
to consider the possible results. 10. The work was a considerable
contribution to the development of the design.
XV. Некоторые способы перевода слова on:
1) на (поверхности) – предлог;
2) по, о – часто употребляется в названиях статей;
3) после (on, upon) – перед герундием;
4) ( и ) далее – например: to go on – продолжать (идти далее),
переходить к; and so on – и так далее.
126
1. We can judge a person's character on very small evidence. 2. If you
propose to do whatever it is later on, you will never do it at all. 3. However
clever a person may be at his trade, he should not try to give advice on
other matters. 4. Bad times don't go on forever.
XVI. Некоторые способы перевода слова too:
1) также, тоже, к тому же – если too стоит в конце
предложения или в запятых;
2) слишком – если too стоит перед прилагательным или наречием.
В значении «слишком» слово too используется с инфинитивом в роли
обстоятельства следствия.
Translate the sentences.
1. То have great poets, there must be great audiences, too. 2. Trust but not
too much. 3. It is too late to lock the stable when the horse has been stolen.
4. The article was too brief to bring out all the important areas of
economics. 5. Of course, here too, it may be very difficult to account for
these differences. 6. There is a danger in projecting present conditions or
trends too uncritically into the future. 7. It would be too time consuming
and too tedious to go through various works, author by author. 8. Often too
much data are gathered in a system study and they become too voluminous
to analyze.
XVII. Некоторые способы перевода глагола to make:
1) делать, производить, составлять (up);
2) заставлять – если после make стоит дополнение с последующим
инфинитивом без to;
3) компенсировать (up, for).
Запомните следующие словосочетания:
to make a decision – принимать решение
to make the difference – существенно менять дело, быть очень
важным
127
to make allowance for – делать допуск (поправку) на
to make sure (certain) – удостовериться, убедиться
to make comparison of – проводить аналогию, сравнивать
to make provision for – предусматривать, принимать меры
to make the best of – использовать что-л. наилучшим образом
to make haste – спешить
to make smth + прилагательное – делать что-л. (каким?) +
прилагательное
Translate the sentences.
1. Life is made up of little things. 2. Some people possess particular
qualities, some acquire them, and others are made to assume them. 3. He
made his voice heard. 4. If all other things make no difference he is sure to
succeed. 5. His French is not perfect but he makes himself understood.
6. The improvement may make this approach more widespread in the
future. 7. Laws were made to be broken. 8. Never make treats you cannot
carry out. 9. The improvement made the process more complicated.
XVIII. Возможные способы перевода слова because:
1) так как – если because находится в начале фразы;
2) потому что – обычно если because находится в середине фразы;
because of – из-за, вследствие
Translate the sentences.
1. Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored. 2. And we forget
because we must, and not because we will. 3. He is not able to do things
properly because he does not give them enough thought. 4. The company
has lost several customers because of its very bad work. 5. The process has
been widely used because it was relatively easy to implement. 6. Because
modelling methodology is becoming increasingly broad, more powerful
tools and techniques must be developed. 7. Because of this the strategy of
both players has high stability.
128
XIX. Некоторые способы перевода слова while:
1) время, промежуток времени;
2) пока, в то время как;
3) несмотря на то что; тогда как; хотя;
4) одновременно – когда while используется перед герундием.
Запомните следующие словосочетания:
a long while – долго
a short while – недолго
for a while – на время, некоторое время
meanwhile – тем временем
Translate the sentences.
1. While there is life there is hope. 2. While we stop to think, we often
miss our opportunity. 3. We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of
doing, while others judge us by what we have already done. 4. A man
learns only while living. 5. These conclusions are hopeful, while those of
Chapter 6 are less encouraging.
XX. Основные способы перевода слова since:
1) так как, поскольку – если since вводит придаточное предложение;
2) с – перед любыми словами и словосочетаниями, указывающими на
время:
since spring – с весны; since 1995 – с 1995 года;
3) с тех пор – часто в сочетании со словом then (since then).
Translate the sentences.
1. Since the region in Fig. 5 did not change with slightly different
parameters, we consider it as the model. 2. Changes in the system since the
last sensing result in new conditions. 3. Whether the circumstances have
been changed since then is not known. 4. The process has been used since
its first announcement. 5. I have not had a competent lab assistant since
Joe left. 6. Since the theory should be a general one it should apply in all
cases mentioned. 7. Since then attention has been focused on
129
understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in this process.
8. Since the early 1970s a happy equilibrium has been reached in the
society. 9. Their computation on a digital computer is efficient since only
logical expressions and elementary algebraic functions are involved.
10. Since his forecasts are imperfect, every day he suffers an opportunity
loss. 11. The heat problem will become insignificant, since transistors emit
a negligible amount of heat. 12. Since the unit of potential is called a volt,
potential itself is called "voltage".
XXI. Основные способы перевода слова mean:
1) mean – средний;
2) a mean – средняя величина, среднее число;
3) a means – способ, средство;
4) by means of – с помощью;
5) by по means – ни в коем случае;
6) by all means – во что бы то ни стало, обязательно;
7) to mean (meant) – 1) значить; 2) иметь в виду, думать,
подразумевать под;
8) by some means or other – тем или иным способом.
Translate the sentences.
1. These facts mean that talk about properties might well be in order.
2. The process cannot be described clearly by means of the model. 3. The
revolution was by no means fully accepted. 4. This means that such a
market can apply only to exchanges of ready-made goods. 5. At any
moment the stocks of means of production are more or less specific. 6. It
meant a higher rate of growth of consumption. 7. Chapter 2 reviews the
means by which control can be attempted. 8. The problem will by all
means be considered later. 9. They considered the mean values only.
10. By a game we will mean the specification of a set of players, rules for
playing the game. 11. The game cannot be described by means of quotas
and weights.
130
XXII. Запомните:
as it does (as they do) – фактически, в действительности
in doing so – при этом
to do away (with) – уничтожить, покончить с
to do without – обходиться без
to have to do with – иметь дело с, иметь отношение к
to have much to do with – иметь много общего с
to have nothing to do with – не иметь ничего общего с
to do для усиления
Translate the sentences:
1. It doesn't do to be too curious or inquisitive. 2. Our desires for what we
do not have keep us from enjoying what we do have. 3. The book does not
simply discuss what you must do, but gives you effective tools for how to
do it. 4. Every force does its own job no matter how many other forces are
acting. 5. The fact that the theory does not fail in some other cases is
irrelevant. 6. It does indeed lead to problems. 7. People would agree that
education has something to do with economic growth. 8. The difficulty has
nothing to do with these changes. 9. More education does not necessarily
mean faster growth. In general, however, it probably does. 10. The first
argument relies as it does on these assumptions. 11. The labour market
does not work perfectly. 12. It cannot be done satisfactorily. 13. Only then
did it work perfectly. 14. The investigation does, however, illustrate two
basic approaches to the problem. 15. We do not possess any accurate
understanding of cause and effect. Nor do we know how to evaluate the
performance of the system.
XXIII. Переведите текст, отмечая случаи нарушения прямого
порядка слов в предложении.
Material Research is not new, but the interdisciplinary aspects of
materials research now are receiving considerable emphasis. It has been
only since chemists, physicists, metallurgists, ceramicists, polymer
chemists, and other scientists began studying the detailed structure and
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