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Файл:Technical English for Electrical Engineers. Учебное пособие
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То learn the principles of lift was... (subject)
Изучить принципы действия подъемной силы было...
1. То explain this simple fact is not easy. 2. To give a true picture of the
surrounding matter is the task of natural science. 3. To compare the flow
of electricity along a conductor with that of a liquid in a pipe has become
familiar. 4. To prepare metals for practical use requires much knowledge
and experience. 5. To produce a desired shape with good mechanical
properties die forging is used. 6. To introduce numerical methods and their
use in physics is the purpose of the paper. 7. To communicate information
of some sort must be transferred. 8. To prove that lightning is atmospheric
electricity required systematic observations and experiments. 9. To see the
smallest particles of a solid we use the strongest microscope. 10. To build
up a magnetic field requires the expenditure of a certain amount of energy.
11. To find the centre of gravity of a triangle draw a line from each of two
vertices to the middle of the opposite side. 12. To discover the stresses
occurring requires careful figuring.
Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive
as a parenthesis:
to begin (start) with – прежде всего
to judge by – судя по, если судить по
to make a long story short – короче говоря
to mention (only some) – если упомянуть (лишь некоторые)
to name (only a few) – если упомянуть (лишь немногие)
to put it another way – иначе говоря
to put it briefly – короче говоря
to put it mildly – мягко выражаясь
to put it simply – попросту говоря
needless to say – нет надобности говорить о...
to say nothing of – не говоря уже о...
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suffice it to say – достаточно сказать
to be exact – точнее говоря, чтобы быть точным
to say the least – мягко выражаясь
so to speak – так сказать
to sum up – если подвести итог
to quote (a single example) – если привести (один пример)
to return – если возвратиться
to take (an example) – если привести (пример)
to tell the truth – по правде говоря
1. То sum up, there are two features of atomic structure which we should
bear in mind.
2. To begin with, one can say that an electric current is the result of a flow
of electric charges.
3. To take an example, let us go back to the dry cell which has been
described earlier in this chapter.
4. To be sure, a great progress in electronics has been made in the last few
decades.
5. Uranium, thorium and radium – to mention only a few of the series – all
are radioactive.
6. To go back to the analogy of the solar system, the electrons revolve
around the nucleus like planets around the sun.
7. Electricity and magnetism are the same thing seen from different points
of view, or, to put it in another way, they are both names for the way in
which everything behaves when we examine sufficiently closely.
8. To begin with a simple example, let us in the first place, without
troubling about velocity, consider the question of the number of molecules
which on the average are to be found in a definite volume of element W.
9. To sum up, let us collect our ideas about the way in which an electric
current can flow.
Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences. Mind the infinitives.
1. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to
form a hard surface on steel. 2. In the design of machinery the safety
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engineer tries to cover all moving parts or keep them from accidental
contact with the operator, to put cutoff switches within reach of the
operator and to eliminate dangerous sharp parts. 3. Each station is
designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the part or
product is constructed stepwise as it progresses along the line. 4. A
Japanese electronics firm claims to have made a big advance in the world
race to develop a fifth-generation computer. 5. The problem to be studied
can be simplified by the use of controlled experimental conditions.
6. To produce this effect, it is actually much simpler to use alternating
current. 7. All these methods of steel heat treatment are used to obtain
steels with certain mechanical properties for certain needs. 8. We know
many human activities to have played a part in scientific inventions. 9. To
separate iron from sulphur is an easy task. 10. The function of a boiler is
to transfer heat to the water in the most efficient manner.
11. Mechanization is to be distinguished from more primitive tool using.
12. The Internet and its technology continue to have a profound effect in
promoting the exchange of information, making possible rapid
transactions among businesses, and supporting global collaboration among
individuals and organizations.
Ex. 6. Point out “for-infinitive construction” and translate the sentences.
Example:
For the information to be received
Для того чтобы получить эту информацию... (Для получения
этой информации... или Чтобы можно было получить эту
информацию...)
A.
1. The language of specialists is often difficult for the layman to read.
2. Two years were sufficient for the work to be done. 3. The problem is far
too involved for one to be able to solve it. 4. Two hours were sufficient for
the reaction to occur. 5. It took a long time for mathematicians to realize
that not all continuous functions have a derivative. 6. It is necessary for the
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investigator to apply the knowledge gained from his library to the
exploration problem. 7. Preliminary experiments showed that the time
required for the specimen to reach thermal equilibrium was quite long. 8. It
annoys people for us to agree partly or disagree partly. 9. It is possible for
computers to handle all types of information. 10. There seems to be a
general tendency for industrial problems to become more complex. 11. For
a computer to be programmed each problem must be reduced to a series of
very simple steps. 12. It is almost impossible for some machines to
withstand such atmospheres. 13. For the fusion process to take place the
temperature is to be fantastically high. 14. For combustion to be rapid, the
fuel and oxidant must be quickly mixed.
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to “Complex
Object”.
Example:
We consider the maximum field value to be...
Мы считаем, что максимальная величина поля составляет...
This force makes electrons move...
Эта сила заставляет электроны двигаться...
1. The ancients thought electricity to be invisible fluid. 2. The designers of
the GAS truck wanted it to have attractive appearance and clean modern
lines. 3. The early discoveries in nuclear science showed the atomic
nucleus to be a vast source of energy. 4. Maxwell found the speed of
propagation of electromagnetic waves to be equal to the ratio of
electromagnetic to the electrostatic units of charge. 5. The power plant or
engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car
move. 6. It is obvious that if the electron absorbs any form of energy, this
energy can make an electron pass from one orbit to another. 7. The
tendency of a body to continue to move in a straight line is very evident
when for some reason it is necessary to make the body move in a circle.
8. Tensile stresses or a combination of tensile and compressive stresses
usually cause a fracture to develop. 9. In internal combustion engines the
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pressure of gases forces the piston to go down. 10. Many years ago people
thought heat to be a kind of a weightless substance. 11. Heating causes the
molecules to dart around and bump into each other in a gas. 12. Scientists
believe new laser devices to be widely used in medicine. 13. A force
applied to a body causes it to move in a straight line. 14. The excellent
properties of Damascus steel made metallurgists of the whole world look
for the lost secret of the steel. 15. Very high temperatures often cause
certain materials to break.
Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences paying attention to “Complex
Subject”.
Example:
A body is said to be in motion...
Тело, как говорят, находится в движении...
Говорят, что тело находится в движении...
A. 1. Light is thought to be... 2. The speed of these particles is found to
be... 3. Carbon steel is known to be… 4. These forces are believed to act...
5. The chemical nature of some substances is considered to be… 6. These
charged particles are supposed to possess... 7. The angular velocity was
expected to increase… 8. The direction of the current is assumed to be...
9. The motion is reported to have changed… 10. The liquid appears to be
decomposed… 11. The laser beam seems to have … 12. The speed of
particles happens to change... 13. These conditions are likely to be found...
14. The application of this device is unlikely to give… 15. The problem is
assumed to be solved…16. Electricity proved to be able…17. This
automobile is found to develop speed... 18. This automobile is found to
have developed speed... 19. This automobile was found to develop speed...
20. This automobile has been found to develop speed... 21. The properties
of the elements are known to vary... 22. The properties of the elements are
known to have varied … 23. This limitation appears to have been
overcome...
B. 1. These chemical changes appear to be caused by heat. 2. This
laboratory appears to be working out new possible applications of a laser.
3. Under these conditions the output of the plant is likely to increase.
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4. The new device is reported to have been put into mass production.
5. The application of this device is certain to give better results. 6. Coal is
thought to have been used by Romans. 7. The first signals installed on
railroads are known to have been hand operated usually by station
employees. 8. Intensive research on optical-electronic computer is said to
be going on in a number of US companies. 9. The term “radar” is known
to be composed of the first letters of “radio, detection and ranging”. It
happens to reflect its basic principle, that is, the location of an object at a
distance. 10. In calculating the estimated dispatch date, you do not appear
to have taken into account the annual summer works’ shut-down which
takes place in July. 11. A rigid body is known to be a system of particles
that always have a fixed relation to each other. 12. Superconductivity is
certain to bring about a new technological revolution. 13. Deformation
appeared to have no measurable effect of conductivity. 14. They seem to
have applied strong ionization. 15. The result was expected to agree with
theoretical predictions.
Ex. 9. Define infinitive constructions in the following sentences.
1. We know heat to be a form of energy, but there was a time when it was
supposed to be a kind of substance which was believed to flow from a
hotter body to a colder one. 2. Scientists assume the atomic weight of
carbon to be integral. 3. When sound waves are directed on the diaphragm
they cause it to move backwards and forwards. 4. In the electromagnetic
theory of radiation the atom is supposed to be similar to the antenna of a
radio transmitter, although much smaller and radiating a much higher
frequency. 5. Scientists in many countries consider propeller engines to be
much more economical. 6. A current which always flows in one direction
along a wire is said to be a direct current. 7. According to the lightquantum hypothesis, one might expect the kinetic energy of the emitted
electron to be dependent upon the size of quantum energy received, and
this, in turn, upon the frequency of the incident radiation. 8. It is possible
for a compound to be superconducting even if the chemical elements
constituting it are not. 9. Advancement in electronic techniques appears to
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be endless. 10. From classical electrodynamics we know that when a
charge is accelerated it radiates. This is the process that causes radio and
television antennae to radiate. 11. Joule and other scientists proved heat to
be a form of energy.
PARTICIPLE
Ex. 1. Combine the following sentences using Participle I according to
the model:
M o d e l : These scientists study the relations between energy and
matter.
They are physicists.
These scientists studying the relations between energy
and matter are physicists.
1. These scientists study living matter and its processes. They are
biologists. 2. These scientists study the multitude of compounds of
which matter is comprised. They are chemists. 3. These people study the
earth's crust. They are geologists. 4. This material has equal numbers of
positive and negative charges in its atoms. It is a conductor. 5. This
electric conductor has a conductivity intermediate between that of an
insulator and that of a metal. It is a semiconductor.
Ex. 2. Combine the following sentences according to the model.
M o d e l : Steam does mechanical work. It loses heat energy.
While (when) doing mechanical work, steam loses heat
energy.
1. Yablochkov experimented with various materials. He wanted to
find some substance glowing in a vacuum. 2. An electric motor does
mechanical work. This motor must overcome some force. 3. Motors
work in exposed situations. They require enclosure of working parts.
4. Greek philosophers discussed the structure of matter. They called its
smallest particles atoms. 5. Ancient Greeks rubbed amber with wool or
fur. They noticed that amber could attract light objects.
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Ex. 3. Use clauses instead of participles according to the model.
M o d e l: When rubbing a piece of amber, the ancient people
made it attract light materials.
When the ancient people were rubbing a piece of
amber, they made it attract light materials
1. When connected across the brushes, the field coils have the full
voltage of the mains. 2. When found in free state, metals were widely
used by primitive man. 3. When speaking about the problems of utilizing
solar energy, we should stress their aim. 4. When considering the
chemical properties of metals, we must mention that they vary widely in
the degree of chemical activity. 5. If told in detail, the principle of
operation of this machine is rather simple.
Ex. 4. Define the function of the Participle I in the sentences and
translate them into Russian.
1. Another factor influencing the level of detail is the progress
reporting requirements. 2. A drawing showing an object, as it appears
to an observer looking at it from the right side is called the right side
elevation. 3. They must be made to feel that the method being utilized
is really in part their own. 4. All electrical conductors dissipate heat
when carrying current. 5. Considering the limited scope of the method,
it has yet been used by comparatively few workers. 6. The methods
explained for attacking the problem depend upon a few simple
fundamental laws, which are illustrated in the pages immediately
following. 7. All the members of the brigade are working at the
problems on wave energy. 8. Industries producing steel, paper and
chemicals require very large quantities of water and tend to be found
near rivers. 9. When a varying plate current flows through a coil there
is a varying magnetic field causing self-induction. 10. When there is
eccentricity the stresses arising can be determined using other
methods. 11. Using the energy of the atom we produce electric energy
at atomic power plants. 12. Electrons being negative move from lower
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to higher potential, that is, more negative to less negative. 13. The
basic circuit of the device having been built by us is described in detail
in this article. 14. Radio waves are emitted from a conductor carrying
the alternating current.
Ex. 5. Translate the sentences. Mind the participle.
1. This procedure was dropped, having given low yield of end products.
2. Algol is a system being developed and intended to become a universal
programming language. 3. The compound being treated for several hours
turned dark red. 4. The approach being based on mathematical methods is
concerned with structural considerations. 5. Having had considerable
experience with the difficulties of lithium isotope analysis, we would
advise against accepting all reported separation factors. 6. Water is the
most efficient agent, having a high heat transfer coefficient and a high heat
capacity. 7. Having introduced a purely mathematical definition of
a system, let us now make precise another intuitive concept – that of
a process. 8. Having been employed abundantly in many industrial
processes electronic computers show a notable example of progress
contributing to the development of industry. 9. Having taken everything
into consideration he decided not to go there. 10. Having been tested the
new apparatus was recommended for work in all the laboratories.
Ex. 6. Define the function of the Participle II and translate the sentences
into Russian.
1. The complexity of the technique involved increased considerably.
2. The rate of a reaction depends on the specific nature of the
substances involved. 3. Energy loss has been considered in Chapter II.
4. The information obtained is very valuable. 5. The forces applied are
to a maximum tension, decrease to zero, rise to a maximum
compression and decrease again to zero. 6. The stresses in the members
cut away are assumed as replaced by external forces acting in the line
of the member and equal to the stresses in amount. 7. Unless otherwise
provided for in the specifications, all equipment and materials are to be
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of the best grade. 8. The principles involved apply to a number of other
special cases in building construction. 9. The quantity of labour
derived from a given stock of population depends upon several factors.
10. The results obtained disagreed with earlier data. 11. The set of
basic operations provided is not, in general, suited to the execution of
commonly needed procedures. 12. If heated, magnetized steel will lose
its magnetism.
Ex. 7. Choose the right form of the Participle.
1. The period (following/followed) this invention was very productive.
2. (establishing/having established) the position of the plant on paper,
it was decided that the pipeline should go along the river.
3. (looking/having looked) at the object from the front or from the
sides, the observer could not see the inside edges of the object. 4. The
results (receiving/received) changed with the material used.
5. (referring/having referred) to the table it will be noted that the
number of loads hauled by a wheeled tractor are more than that of a
crawler tractor on a similar length of haul. 6. The metal (using/used) in
that experiment was titanium. 7. Newton assumed that light was made
up of many small particles (moving/moved) at high speeds. 8. This
figure represents light particles (leaving/left) a source in many
directions. 9. A group of such particles (travelling/travelled) parallel
paths is called a beam of light. 10. (knowing/having known) the
number of loads hauled per hour, the total cubic yards of material
excavated may be easily calculated. 11. The experiments
(carrying/carried) out at our laboratory are rather interesting. 12. The
problem (concerning/concerned) must be considered in detail.
Ex. 8. Define the function of the words with “-ed” ending and translate
them into Russian.
1. Every conducting circuit has a certain property called its electric
resistance. 2. It was Lenz who proved that the heat produced in a given
time is proportional to the square of the current. 3. Ice placed in a kettle
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