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Файл:Устные темы. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для инженерных специальностей ИТТСУ ТИУ, ТМН, ТПВ, ТПЛ, ТПТ разных форм обучения
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1. Совет Европы (СЕ). Региональная европейская организация политической направленности основана в 1949 году. Цель - построение единой Европы. Штаб-квартира расположена в Страсбурге
во Франции, на границе с Германией.
2.Организация Объединенных Наций (ООН). Межгосудар-
ственная организация, созданная в 1945 году. Цель организации - мира между государствами, развитие и безопасность
международных отношений. Штаб-квартира большинства
основных подразделений ООН находится в Нью-Йорке,
США. В ее состав входит 192 страны.
2. Всемирная торговая организация (ВТО). Является
организацией глобального значения. Основана в 1995 году. Целью
является создание и изменение правил международной торговли.
Штаб-квартира находится в Женеве, Швейцария в состав ВТО входят
153 страны.
3. Организация Североатлантического Договора
(НАТО). Является международным военно-политическим союзом.
Основана в 1949 году. Основная цель - безопасность и свобода всех
стран входящих в организацию. Штаб-квартира находится в Брюссе-
ле в Бельгия. В 2009 году в состав НАТО входило 28 государств.
Text 6
European Union
The European Union or the EU is an intergovernmental and supranational union of 25 European countries, known
as member states. The European Union was established under
that name in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union, the
Maastricht Treaty. However, many aspects of the Union existed before that date through a series of predecessor relationships, dating back to 1951.
The European Union's activities cover all areas of
public policy, from health and economic policy to foreign affairs and defence. However, the extent of its powers differs
greatly between areas. Depending on the area, the EU may
therefore resemble a federation, for example, on monetary
affairs, agricultural, trade and environmental policy or a con-
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federation, for example, on social and economic policy, consumer protection, home affairs, or even an international organization, for example, in foreign affairs.
A key activity of the EU is the establishment and administration of a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a single currency adopted by 12 of the 25 member states, a Common Agricultural Policy, a common trade
policy, and a Common Fisheries Policy.
The most important EU institutions are the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice.
As to the enlargement of the EU there were five successive enlargements, with the largest occurring on May
1,2004, when 10 new member states joined.
Notwithstanding Greenland doesn't enter the EU because it was granted home rule by Denmark in 1979 and left
the European Community in 1985, following a referendum.
Romania and Bulgaria will join the EU on 1 January 2007, so
European Union will have 27 member states but if Croatia
enter the EU by the year 2008 it will have 28 member-states.
In time the European Union may grow to 30 member states.
The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration.
In order to join the European Union, a state needs to
fulfill the economic and political conditions generally known
as the Copenhagen criteria, after the Copenhagen summit in
June 1993. Also, according to the EU Treaty, each current
member state and the European Parliament have to agree.
The European Union has 25 member states, an area of
3,892,685 km2 and approximately 460 million EU citizens as
of December 2004. If it were a country, it would be the seventh largest in the world by area and the third largest by
population after China and India. The European Union has
land borders with 20 nations and sea borders with 31 states.
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Text 7
INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY ORGANIZATIONS
The main international railway organizations include:
1. The International Union of Railways (UIC) (Union Internationale des Chemins de fer) is a non-governmental organization representing the railway industry. UIC is the
worldwide professional association representing the railway
sector and promoting rail transport including technical cooperation amongst railways.
UIC’s mission has following main levels:
Strategic level: coordination with and between the 6 UIC
Regions created as part of the new Governance (activities
steered by the UIC Regional Assemblies for Africa, Asia,
North America, South America, Europe and Middle East).
Technical professional cooperation level (structured
around the following railway activity): Passenger, Freight,
Rail System – including infrastructure, rolling stock, operations.
Support services level: (Finance, Human Resources, Legal and Communications). UIC activities include: Environment, Security, Signaling, Freight Corridors, Standardization.
2. Organization for Cooperation between Railways
(OSJD) is an international organization established at the
Railway Ministers Conference in Sofia, Republic of Bul-
garia (28 June 1956). Main objectives of OSJD include
development of international freight and passenger traffic,
creation of common railway transport environment in the
Eurasian region, higher competitiveness and an increase
in transcontinental railway routes as well as promotion of
technological progress and technical-scientific coopera-
tion in the field of railway transport.
28 countries take part in activities of OSJD as an inter-
governmental organization, namely: Azerbaijan, Albania,
43
Afghanistan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Geor-
gia, Iran, Kazakhstan, China, Cuba, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Russia, Romania,
Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine,
Czech Republic and Estonia.
Focus of activities: organizes cooperation in the field of
international railway traffic between Europe and Asia,
develops joint competitive proposals, adopts rules for the
use of wagons, coaches and containers for international
services.
Major OSJD activities comprise: development and im-
provement of international railway transportation with the
traffic between and Asia in the first place, to include
combined transportation; development of transport policy
in the field of international railway traffic; improvement
of international transport law; cooperation on the solution
of the problems connected with the economic, infor-
mation, scientific, technological and ecological aspects of
railway transport; cooperation in the field of railway op-
eration and technical matters connected with further de-
velopment of international railway traffic; collaboration
with other international organizations, engaged in railway
transportation matters.
3. The Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) was set up on 1 May 1985.
The Organisation’s mission is to promote, improve and
facilitate international traffic by rail. It therefore offers its 50
Member States a framework for cooperation in the railway
sector. OTIF has three major areas of activity: technical interoperability, dangerous goods and railway contract law.
OTIF develops uniform legal regimes for: contracts of carriage of passengers and goods, rules for the transport of dan-
44
gerous goods,technical provisions and the procedure for the
technical approval of rolling stock.
OTIF provides its Member States with the legal and technical means to facilitate international traffic by rail, to develop this traffic on their territory and to connect to the railway
networks of other Member States. It therefore supplies the
means to promote real legal and technical interoperability.
OTIF is an intergovernmental organization dedicated to international rail transport. It has been active since 1893 and is the
oldest international organization in the sector. It now has 50
Member States. The Organization has its headquarters in
Berne, Switzerland.
4. The International Committee of Railway Transport
(CIT) is an international non-governmental organization and
association whose objectives are to:
develop International law in the field of rail transportation on
the basis of concluded conventions; develop additional legal
articles and materials regarding the resolution of disputes in
international transport; monitor compliance with the rules for
the carriage of goods, luggage and passengers; standardize
travel documents.
The CIT was founded in 1902 and is headquartered in the
Swiss capital Bern. Its official languages are French and
German. The CIT has 134 companies from 43 countries in
Europe, Asia and Africa as full members. The Committee cooperates primarily with OTIF, UIC, OSJD and other international organizations.
CIT's main goals are the:
harmonization, uniform application and implementation of
international rail transport law; development of the rules for
the carriage of goods and forms of waybills; standardization
of legal relations between participants on the railway transportation market.
45
The CIT's governing body is the General Assembly, which
defines the policy of, and approach to CIT's strategic management.
Unit 8
Railway Transport
Ex. 1. Study the active vocabulary:
1. most comfortable [məʊst ˈkʌmf(ə)təbl] - самый удобный
2. many advantages [ˈmɛni ədˈvɑːntɪʤɪz] – много преимуществ
3. long distances [lɒŋ ˈdɪstənsɪz] – большие расстояния
4. changing landscape [ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ˈlænskeɪp] – изменение ланд-
шафта
5. railway transport [ˈreɪlweɪ ˈtrænspɔːt] – жд транспорт
6. most of the people [ məʊst ɒv ðə ˈpiːpl] – большинство людей
7. suburban [səˈbɜːbən] – пригород
8. Distinguish high-speed [dɪsˈtɪŋgwɪʃ ˈhaɪˈspiːd] – различные ско-
рости
9. Regularity of movement [ˌrɛgjʊˈlærɪti ɒv ˈmuːvmənt] – регуляр-
ность движения
10. high-quality service [haɪ-ˈkwɒlɪti ˈsɜːvɪs] – качество обслужи-
вания
11. several varieties [ˈsɛvrəl vəˈraɪətiz] – несколько разновидно-
стей
12. each compartment [iːʧ kəmˈpɑːtmənt] – каждое отделение
13. wagon is designed [ˈwægən ɪz dɪˈzaɪnd] – вагон спроектирован
14. places for luggage [ˈpleɪsɪz fɔː ˈlʌgɪʤ] – места для багажа
15. international traffic [ˌɪntə(ː)ˈnæʃənl ˈtræfɪk] – международный
трафик
16. fundamental difference [ˌfʌndəˈmɛntl ˈdɪfrəns] – фундамен-
тальное отличие
17. Frequency of movement [ˈfriːkwənsi ɒv ˈmuːvmənt] – частота
движения
18. The level of service provided [ ðə ˈlɛvl ɒv ˈsɜːvɪs prəˈvaɪdɪd] –
уровень предоставляемых услуг
46
19. Washbasins [ˈwɒʃˌbeɪsnz] - умывальники
20. during parking [ˈdjʊərɪŋ ˈpɑːkɪŋ] – во время парковки
21. places for lying [ˈpleɪsɪz fɔː ˈlaɪɪŋ] – лежачие места
22. compartment cars [kəmˈpɑːtmənt kɑːz] – купе
23. second-class passenger [ˈsɛkənd-klɑːs ˈpæsɪnʤə] – обычный
пассажир
24. wagon [ˈwægən] - вагон
25. connection [kəˈnɛkʃən] – соединение
26. superior trains [sju(ː)ˈpɪərɪə treɪnz] – вагон бизнес класса
27. equipped [ɪˈkwɪpt] – имеется
28. hand luggage [hænd ˈlʌgɪʤ] – ручная кладь
29. passenger [ˈpæsɪnʤə] – пассажир
30. divided [dɪˈvaɪdɪd] – разделенный
Text 1
Railway Transport
Nowadays there are many different kinds of transport
and one can choose the one which is most comfortable for
him. We can take a plane, a boat, a bus, a car and so on. One
of my favourite means of transport is train. I believe there are
many advantages of traveling by train. First of all, if you travel to long distances, which often happens in Russia, it is very
comfortable. You can sleep as much as you want, you don’t
have to sleep sitting, you can use a table to eat. Also, taking a
train is cheaper than traveling by plane, for example so almost
every average family can afford it. I believe there is some
kind of romance in trains. You can look out of the window for
a long time and see the changing landscape, eat crisps, play
cards with your fellow-travellers.
47
If we talk about European countries which are not so big,
1.
In interregional communication, motor carriages
"Lastochka" and other electric and diesel trains
have seats
t
2.
fast passenger trains have a route speed of 150 km /
h to 200 km / h
f
3.
In many big cities have a underground trains
t
4.
There is not wi-fi on the trains
f
5.
The compartment passenger car has 9 four-seater
compartments, 2 toilets with washbasins
t
6.
These are wagons that have the characteristics of
two types of wagons (Lux and SV or SV and compartment).
t
7.
Wagon with seats. As a rule, reserved seats are used
- seats 81, sometimes compartment - seats 54
t
8.
The compartment of a Lux carriage is 5 times larger
than the standard one in a carriage with six coupes
and 2 times - with four
f
9.
In more than 150 trains compartment cars with a
t
we know they have a wide chain of railway transport in the
cities and between them. For example in the Netherlands
most of the people take trains every day when they commute
to work, it is very comfortable and fast, though quite expensive to my mind.In many big cities there are also underground
trains. For example in Moscow this train system is quite developed, and a lot of people use it because there are a lot of
traffic jams in Moscow and it is not convenient to use buses
or cars. Nowadays they become more and more comfortable
and equipped. There is even a WiFi connection in the trains!
Ex. 2 Which of the following statements are true (T)
and which are false (F)?
48
specialized compartment for passengers with disabilities run
10.
all train cars of FPK JSC are equipped with a heating system
t
Ex. 3. Insert expressions from the list below into ap-
propriate spaces in the sentences:
A. compartments
B. traction
C. compartment
D. varieties
E. equipped
1. In the car are 8 or 9 double _________ with places for
lying, two toilets with_washbasins.
2. These are wagons _________ with comfortable seats.
3. Wagon with seats. As a rule, reserved seats are used -
seats 81, sometimes _________ - seats 54.
4. In a train with locomotive _________, cars are non-
self-propelled.
5. Wagons have several _________: with six compart-
ments in a wagon, with five and with four.
Ex. 4. Answer the following questions:
1. Which passenger trains have been assigned the
Corporate status?
2. How many compartment cars run for people with
disabilities?
49
3. What is the difference between locomotives and
motor-car rolling stock?
4. What is the equipment of a luxury compartment
carriage with?
5. What is provided to passengers on the train?
Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences and word-
combinations from Russian into English:
1. В вагоне 8 или 9 двухместных купе с лежачими местами есть
2 туалета с умывальниками.
2. Скоростные пассажирские поезда должны иметь маршрутную
скорость от 50 км/ч до 91 км/ч.
3. вагон бизнес- класса.
4. уровень предоставляемых услуг.
5. Эти вагоны оснащены удобными сидениями.
6. Купе вагона класса «Люкс» оборудовано индивидуальной си-
стемой кондиционирования, есть телевизор, DVD-плеер, радио.
7. Уровень предоставляемого сервиса
8. В более чем 150 поездах курсируют купейные вагоны со спе-
циализированным купе для пассажиров с ограниченными физическими возможностями.
9. изменение ландшафта
10. Все вагоны АО «ФПК» оснащены системой обогрева.
11. В настоящее время существует большое количество разных
видов транспорта и каждый может выбрать себе тот, который
наиболее удобен для него.
12. Я думаю, есть много преимуществ путешествия на поезде.
13. Поезд дешевле, чем, например, самолет, поэтому почти каж-
дая среднестатистическая семья может себе это позволить.
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