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Файл:Устные темы. Учебное пособие по английскому языку для инженерных специальностей ИТТСУ ТИУ, ТМН, ТПВ, ТПЛ, ТПТ разных форм обучения
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system under which the line is divided into short sections or
blocks and a fixed colour-light signal is placed at the entrance
to each block. The function of the block signal is not to admit
a train to a block section if the latter is occupied by another
train.
The most recent method of controlling the movements
of trains is known as ― «Centralized Traffic Control» or
CTC.
Under CTC all train movements are governed from a
central point where there is a large illuminated panel with a
diagram of all the tracks in the controlled section.
Nowadays the problem of safe train operation solves
semi-automatic driving of trains. By semi-automatic driving
of trains is meant the use of locomotive cab signals and automatic train stop devices.
Cab signals and automatic train stop divices help the
drivers avoid accidents.
Unit 15
Information technologies
History of РС
The first substantial computer was the giant ENIAC
machine by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at
the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC (Electrical
Numerical Integrator and Calculator) used a word of
10 decimal digits instead of binary ones like previous
automated calculators/computers. ENIAC was also the
first machine to use more than 2,000 vacuum tubes,
using nearly 18,000 vacuum tubes. Storage of all
those vacuum tubes and the machinery required to
keep the cool took up over 167 square meters (1800
square feet) of floor space. Nonetheless, it had
punched-card input and output and arithmetically had
1 multiplier, 1 divider-square rooter, and 20 adders
employing decimal "ring counters," which served as
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adders and also as quick-access (0.0002 seconds)
read-write register storage.
In the 1950's two devices would be invented that
would improve the computer field and set in motion
the beginning of the computer revolution. The first of
these two devices was the transistor. Invented in 1947
by William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs, the transistor was fated to oust the
days of vacuum tubes in computers, radios, and other
electronics.
The 1960s saw large mainframe computers become
much more common in large industries and with the
US military and space program. IBM became the unquestioned market leader in selling these large, expensive, error-prone, and very hard to use machines.
A veritable explosion of personal computers occurred in the early 1970s, starting with Steve Jobs and
Steve Wozniak exhibiting the first Apple II at the First
West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco. The
Apple II boasted built-in BASIC programming language, color graphics, and a 4100 character memory
for only $1298. Programs and data could be stored on
an everyday audio-cassette recorder. Before the end of
the fair, Wozniak and Jobs had secured 300 orders for
the Apple II and from there Apple just took off.
IBM, which up to this time had been producing
mainframes and minicomputers for medium to largesized businesses, decided that it had to get into the act
and started working on the Acorn, which would later
be called the IBM PC. The PC was the first computer
designed for the home market which would feature
modular design so that pieces could easily be added to
the architecture. Most of the components, surprisingly,
came from outside of IBM, since building it with IBM
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parts would have cost too much for the home computer market. When it was introduced, the PC came with
a 16,000 character memory, keyboard from an IBM
electric typewriter, and a connection for tape cassette
player for $1265.
By 1984, Apple and IBM had come out with new
models. Apple released the first generation Macintosh,
which was the first computer to come with a graphical
user interface (GUI) and a mouse. The GUI made the
machine much more attractive to home computer users because it was easy to use. Sales of the Macintosh
soared like nothing ever seen before. IBM was hot on
Apple's tail and released the 286-AT, which with applications like Lotus 1-2-3, a spreadsheet, and Microsoft Word, quickly became the favorite of business
concerns. That brings us up to about thirty years ago.
Now people have their own personal graphics workstations and powerful home computers. The average
computer a person might have in their home is more
powerful by several orders of magnitude than a machine like ENIAC. The computer revolution has been
the fastest growing technology in man's history.
Text 2
Online banking safety
Nowadays, people's lives are more and more depend-
ent on the Internet. And it’s no wonder that even banking is
now online. For example, approximately 72.5 million American households are actively using it every year.
There are a lot of reasons, why online banking is such
an appealing concept:
1. Online banking is perfect for those who want 24/7 access
to their funds and other bank-related services. Between
mobile phones with Internet access, tablets and portable
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computers, you can conduct your banking business anywhere.
2. Online banking allows you to monitor your account bal-
ance and pending transactions in real time.
3. With help of online banking you can set up a regular
online payment schedule, which can help you to avoid
late fees because everything's automatically paid on time.
4. Transferring money via online banking is unbelievably
easy. Moreover, this action not only simple, but often
free.
But, as with any service, it’s important to fully under-
stand any fees associated with online banking. Many institutions, which may be seem free, often charge for every types
of transactions, which can be unaffordable for someone.
Moreover, with the development of online banking, the number of financial scams has also increased.
But, despite the fact that online transactions can lead
to credit card fraud, most banks do their best to protect our
information, make transactions secure and affordable for everyone. First of all, banking web sites are commonly using a
transfer protocol called Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure,
or HTTPS. This protocol adds a form of security that encrypts
data. This can not only slow down hackers, which want to
steal your personal information, but also usually stops them at
all. So, if the bank web site URL begin with "https://" instead
of “http://” it is definitely safe to use. In addition, on closer
look, online banking is safer than traditional one by itself, because without paper statements, only someone with access to
a key for your online bank can steal your personal information.
Last but not least, you can prevent online crimes by
yourself. For example, try to avoid putting your debit card
information whenever possible and use only verified sites.
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These simple tricks will be helpful in keeping your information safe.
All in all, despite the fact that information from online
banks can be leaked, it is definitely as hard as robbing real
bank, so you shouldn’t be afraid to use it. The progress
doesn’t seem to stop any time sooner and the world wouldn’t
bend under you, so the only way to live in it is to adapt to its
changes.
Text 3
INTERNET
The worldwide Net is actually a complex web of
smaller regional networks. Nobody really knows how many
computers and networks actually make up Internet. Some estimates say there are now as many as 5000 networks connecting nearly 2 million computers and more than 15 million people around the world. But Internet working is not so simple.
To fully take advantage of the Net you must spend time going
over the manuals or documentation that comes with your
software.
It is important to remember that the Internet has some
negative sides. Psychologists now recognize Internet Addiction Syndrome (IAS) as a new illness that could cause serious
problems and run many lives. Many users spend up to 40
hours a week on the Internet. Some of the addicts are teenagers who are already hooked on computer games and who find
it very difficult to resist the games on the Internet.
But not everything is so awful. Internet could make
great profit in the sphere of education, economics, communication and other fields. There is a positive trend about Internet: it becomes cheaper, so more people can get access to it.
Long live Internet!
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Text 4
SOFTWARE 1
One of the most important elements of computer is the
software. Software is the program that tells a computer what
to do. There are two kinds of software. The one that gets the
most attention is application software, programs that let you
use the computer to perform a particular job, for example:
spreadsheets, accounting programs, word processors and database management systems.
The other kind is called systems software or an operating system. An operating system lets the hardware communicate with other software. The operating system is often compared to a traffic cop, directing instructions and d ata to and
from the keyboard, screen, disk drives, and so on. Operating
system is the heart of the PC world. There are many kinds of
application software. Word processing is one of them. This
type of software includes a number of programs that help you
to work with the text. Another types of “soft”, like spreadsheets and accounting programs manipulate both numbers and
words. Filing programs and IBMs ones can help you to manipulate information. Your computer would be just a piece of
iron without operating system and application programs.
Text 5
SOFTWARE 2
Software refers to a collection of programs used to
Expand the capabilities of the computer hardware. Each program is a sequence machine instructions necessary for the
computer to solve a specific problem. The three basic software categories are translation programs, application programs and operating – system programs. In the early 1980s
users had to translate problem – solving instructions into special machine codes for each computer, such instructions consisted of strings of numbers.
Machine – language coding was fine for the machine,
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but it was found difficult to use them. To ease the programmer's burden, a compromise approach for a man and machine
was developed which resulted in the instructions of special
coding languages that sole fine and are more convenient to
use. The translating means that it i connected to your computer by a wire. Moving it over your desktop moves the cursor,
and clicking one are more buttons on the mouse enters commands or menu choices.
A PC can provide output in the form of signals that
can control other devices, such as lights, appliances, alarm
systems. It can also provide voice output. The most-used
output device is actually the monitor.
Monitor screens can display extremely steady, highly
detailed images, providing easy to read text and colorful moving animation. To store data computer include hard disks and
floppy disk drives.
Hard disks provide two important advantages over floppy
disks: greater storage capacity and increased speed. But hard
disks is not mobile. Today, the best mobile data storage is the
CD-ROM. New investigations of modern hardware area open
for us great possibilities in all fields of life.
Its programmes are stored on cards and are read into the computers.
Text 6
HARDWARE.
Computer Hardware consists of many blocks like system unit, monitor, keyboard, printer and so on. The system
unit is the heart of the computer. It contains the central processing unit (CPU), the part that actually manipulates your
numbers, words, or other information. The system unit also
contains memory components, which store data, and port for
input\ output processes.
Another kind of hardware are input devices. The key
board is the most common input device for PCs, but not the
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only one. A mouse is a small rounded box that is connected to
your computer by a wire. Moving it over your desktop moves
the cursor, and clicking on the mouse one can enter commands or menu choices.
A PC can provide output in the form of signals that
can control other devices, such as lights, appliances, alarm
systems. It can also provide voice output. The most-used output device is actually the monitor. Monitor screens can display extremely steady, highly detailed images, providing easy
to read text and colorful moving animation. To store data in a
computer it must include hard disks and floppy disk drives.
Hard disks provide two important advantages over floppy
disks: greater storage capacity and increased speed. But hard
disks is not mobile. Today, the best mobile data storage is the
CD-ROM. New investigations of modern hardware area open
for us great possibilities in all fields of life.
Unit 16
Text 1
Ecological safety in railway transport
Railway transport is one of the most environmentally
friendly modes of transport. On the basis of Art. 67 of the law
" on environmental protection " № 7 FZ of 10.01.2002, the
enterprises should carry out production control over the emission of pollutants into the air, the discharge of harmful substances into water bodies, the formation of toxic waste in
railway transport.
The transfer of railway transport from steam traction
to electric and diesel, which is currently carried out almost all
the train work, contributed to the improvement of the environmental situation: the influence of coal dust and harmful
emissions of steam locomotives into the atmosphere is excluded .
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Further electrification of Railways, i.e. replacement of
locomotives with electric locomotives, allows to exclude air
pollution by exhaust gases of diesel engines. The main way to
reduce emissions of toxic substances by locomotives is to reduce their formation in the engine cylinders. The neutralization of exhaust gases and the correct operation of locomotives
are important.
For protection against noise when designing Railways
is necessary to provide in the cities of the bypass line to skip
the transit of freight trains without entering the city, to locate
marshalling yards outside the settlements and the technical
station and parks reserve rolling stock - outside of residential
areas. Outside this area, railway lines for freight and access
roads should be provided
Railway companies use all possible methods of waste
disposal, including biological. As part of the environmental
safety at Russian Railways, the following programs and projects are being implemented:
In order to fulfill its main environmental obligations,
Russian Railways is implementing an investment project "environmental safety", which includes the construction and reconstruction of treatment facilities, the purchase of plants and
equipment for environmental purposes, the equipping of environmental laboratories, the purchase of equipment for the
elimination of oil spill. In 2009, for this purpose spent
322,6mln RUB. of capital investments. Within the framework
of the project "ensuring environmental safety" in 2009, 9 environmental protection facilities were built, reconstructed and
put into operation; 3 units of equipment for the treatment of
emissions of harmful substances into the air, post-treatment of
waste water were introduced; 4 mobile environmental laboratories on the basis of Gazelle car, 29 sets of analytical instruments and laboratory equipment and 24 devices for environ-
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mental control of emissions from diesel locomotives were
delivered.
Ex.1: Translate the sentences from Russian into
English:
1. Железнодорожный транспорт - один из наиболее экологически
чистых видов транспорта.
2. На предприятиях должен осуществляться производственный контроль за выбросом загрязняющих веществ в атмосферный воздух,
сбросом вредных веществ в водоемы, образованием токсичных отходов на предприятиях железнодорожного транспорта.
3. Перевод железнодорожного транспорта с паровой тяги на электрическую и тепловозную, которыми в настоящее время выполняется
практически вся поездная работа, способствовал улучшению экологической обстановки: исключено влияние угольной пыли и вредных
выбросов паровозов в атмосферу .
4. Дальнейшая электрификация железных дорог, т.е. замена тепловозов электровозами, позволяет исключить загрязнение воздуха отработавшими газами дизельных двигателей.
5. Основной путь снижения выбросов токсичных веществ тепловозами заключается в уменьшении их образования в цилиндрах двигателей.
6. Большое значение имеют обезвреживание отработавших газов,
правильная эксплуатация тепловозов.
7. Для защиты от шума при проектировании железных дорог необходимо предусматривать в городах обходные линии для пропуска транзитных грузовых поездов без захода в город, размещать сортировочные станции за пределами населенных пунктов, а технические станции и парки резервного подвижного состава - за пределами заселенной территории.
8. Предприятия железнодорожного транспорта используют все возможные способы обезвреживания отходов, включая и биологический.
9. В рамках соблюдения экологической безопасности на «РЖД» проводятся следующие программы и проекты:
10. В «РЖД» с целью выполнения основных экологических обязательств реализуется инвестиционный проект «Обеспечение экологической безопасности».
11. В рамках этого проекта осуществляются строительство и реконструкция очистных сооружений, приобретение установок и оборудо-
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