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Файл:Тренинги по межкультурной коммуникации на английском языке. Для переводчиков жестового языка. English for Sign language interpreters. Учебное пособие
.pdf
SignAll’s system works with complete sentences, not just individual
words presented sequentially. A system that just takes down and translates
one sign after another (limited versions of which exist) would be liable to
creating misinterpretations or overly simplistic representations of what was
said. While that might be fine for simple things like asking directions, real
meaningful communication has layers of complexity that must be detected
and accurately reproduced.
Somewhere between those two options is what SignAll is targeting for
its first public pilot of the system, at Gallaudet University. This Washington,
D.C. school for the deaf is renovating its welcome center, and SignAll will
be installing a translation booth there so that hearing people can interact
with deaf staff there.
It’s a good opportunity to test this, Robotka said, since usually the
information deficit is the other way around: a deaf person who needs
information from a hearing person. Visitors who can’t sign can speak, and
the query can be turned to text (unless the staff member can read lips) and
responded to with signs, which are then translated back into text or
synthesized speech.
It sounds complicated, and in a technical way it is, but really neither
person needs to do anything but communicate the way they normally do,
and they can be understood by the other. When you think about it, that’s
pretty amazing.
To prepare for the pilot, SignAll and Gallaudet worked together to
create a database of signs specific to the application at hand or local to the
university itself. There’s no comprehensive 3D representation of all signs, if
that’s even possible, so for now the system will cater to the environment in
which it is deployed, with domain-specific gestures being added to a
database on a rolling basis.
“That was a huge effort, to collect the 3D data of all these signs. We just
finished, with their support,” said Robotka. “We did interviews, collected
some conversations that occurred there, to make sure we have all the
language elements and signs. We expect to do that kind of customization
work for the first couple of pilots.”
This long-running project is a sobering reminder of both the possibilities
and limitations of technology. True, automatic translation of sign language
is a goal only just becoming possible with advances in computer vision,
machine learning and imaging. But unlike many other translation or CV
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tasks, it requires a great deal of human input at every step, not just to
achieve basic accuracy, but to ensure the humanitarian aspects are present,
as well.
After all, this isn’t just about the convenience of reading a foreign news
article or communicating abroad, but of a class of people who are
fundamentally excluded from what most people think of as in-person
communication – speech. To improve their lot is worth waiting for.
(https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/14/signall-is-slowly-but-surely-building-a-sign-
language-translation-platform/amp/)
15. WRITING: Compose a written summary of the article above in
Russian. Follow the rendering scheme from the Appendix. Do not
translate the whole text.
16. SPEAKING: Hold the debates on the future of sign language
interpreting. Is AI a threat to the SL interpreters or not?
Divide the class into two teams (A&B) and choose one chairperson.
A chairperson is supposed to start the debates by announcing the topic
and agenda. Then he/she should explain the urgency and relevance of the
topic taking into account the new developments in automatic translation.
During the debates, a chairperson should ask the teams questions, not letting
them interrupt each other, and make sure that every member had a say. At
the end of the debates, a chairperson draws a conclusion of what has been
discussed.
Team A is optimistic and believes that AI won’t take over in the field of
SL interpreting providing this point of view with arguments.
Team B believes that AI has all the potential to replace human SL
interpreters, however it is up to them to be optimistic or pessimistic about it.
They present their arguments (based on the article above and other news of
cutting-edge technologies) and counterarguments for Team A.
17. PRESENTATION: Make a research into the personalities of the
well known SL interpreters of the world of all times. Choose your role
model. Prepare a presentation with the person’s photo (if possible) and
career story and professional achievements that you found out about.
Share the findings with the rest of the class in a 4-minute presentation.
18. SPEAKING: Render the following article into English. Follow
the guidelines given in the Appendix.
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Сурдопереводчик – об особенностях перевода
на русский жестовой язык
Ксения Нигамаева, Любовь Постных, https://eburg.mk.ru/articles
Разговорная речь не для всех является подходящим средством
коммуникации. Зачастую многие не могут ее понять. На помощь
инвалидам по слуху приходят владельцы универсального языка –
жестового.
Для нашей постоянной рубрики «Врать не буду», посвященной
представителям интересных профессий, о сложностях
работы сурдопереводчика нам рассказала переводчик русского жестового языка
(РЖЯ) с опытом работы с 1998 года Ольга Варинова.
– Почему вы выбрали эту профессию?
– Это профессия выбрала меня, если можно так сказать. Я родилась
в семье глухих. Сама слышащая. Жестовый язык, благодаря общению
с глухими родителями, знаю с рождения. Таким
образом, сама являюсь
носителем этого языка. И по факту билингв, то есть владею в
одинаковой степени двумя языками – РЖЯ и русским. Становится переводчиком не собиралась, но в 18 лет решила попробовать поработать
переводчиком и меня затянуло.
– Нужны ли какие-то особые качества и навыки человеку,
который решил стать специалистом в
этой области?
– Особые качества и навыки – это, наверно, громко сказано. Это
обычная профессия переводчика. Поэтому, в первую очередь, надо
свободно владеть двумя языками и уметь переводить с одного на
другой и обратно. Так как этот язык требует активного использования
собственного тела, не должно быть никаких физических нарушений.
Переводчики жестового языка
всегда переводят синхронно, что для
переводчиков других языков считается «высшим пилотажем», поэтому
переводчик жестового языка должен быть стрессоустойчивым, эрудированным, со «светлой», активно «работающей» головой. И важно
уважать сообщество, с которым он работает – мир глухих.
– С какими трудностями вы сталкиваетесь в вашей работе?
– Трудности зачастую возникают в общении со
слышащими
людьми, которые впервые сталкиваются с глухими людьми.
Переводчику приходится подсказывать слышащему, как себя вести,
как разговаривать через переводчика и т.п. А основная трудность – это
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большой объем нагрузки. Все-таки синхронный перевод – вещь
тяжелая, и не все, к сожалению, это понимают.
– Чем занимаются сурдопереводчики частных лиц?
– Переводчики русского жестового языка переводят для разных
нужд. Так же как и переводчики любого другого языка. Могут
работать как в рамках какой-либо организации, например, как я и
мои
коллеги – в университете переводим образовательный процесс для
глухих студентов. Также переводчики РЖЯ сопровождают глухих
людей в различные организации, оказывают услуги перевода для
личных нужд заказчика.
– Где бы люди могли научиться жестовому языку?
– Научиться русскому жестовому языку можно на разных курсах,
которые проводятся во многих городах. Узнать про такие
курсы можно
зачастую в организации «Всероссийское общество глухих».
– Где можно выучиться на сурдопереводчика?
– На сегодняшний день высшее образование переводчика РЖЯ
можно получить только в двух городах России – в Москве и в
Новосибирске. Среднее профессиональное образование, кроме этих
двух городов, можно получить еще в разных городах страны. Но важно
этом случае само качество обучения. В Новосибирском государ-
в
ственном техническом университете, например, обучают переводу
профессиональные преподаватели из числа опытных переводчиков
РЖЯ. Но, самое главное, там работают глухие преподаватели, то есть
носители русского жестового языка обучают слышащих студентов
своему языку без опоры на русский язык по специальной методике.
– Насколько профессия востребована
сейчас?
– Профессия переводчика РЖЯ была востребована всегда. Глухих
людей, по статистке, в России около 13 миллионов, переводчиков же,
по данным Центрального правления Всероссийского общества глухих,
очень и очень мало.
– Как понять, какой сурдопереводчик хороший, а какой плохой?
– А как понять, хороший или плохой переводчик английского
языка? В любой профессии,
наверно, использовать понятия «хорошийплохой» не очень корректно. Скорее, надо сказать – профессионал он
или нет. Среди переводчиков РЖЯ важен факт – это высокий спрос на
его услуги среди глухих. Это и будет означать его профессионализм.
19. WRITING: Compose an essay on the following topic “The
future of SLI as I see it”.
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UNIT 3
CRIMES AND PUNISHMENT: LEGAL SLI
1. LEAD-IN: In what cases can a deaf person need service of a legal
SL interpreter?
2. VOCABULARY: Study the Legal terminology glossary entries
(taken from https://www.uscourts.gov/glossary) and supplement Russian
equivalents for each term. Be ready to translate the definition.
A
Acquittal – a jury verdict that a criminal defendant is not guilty, or the
finding of a judge that the evidence is insufficient to support a conviction.
Admissible – a term used to describe evidence that may be considered
by a jury or judge in civil and criminal cases.
Affidavit – a written or printed statement made under oath.
Answer – the formal written statement by a defendant in a civil case that
responds to a complaint, articulating the grounds for defense.
Appeal – a request made after a trial by a party that has lost on one or
more issues that a higher court review the decision to determine if it was
correct. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One
who appeals is called the "appellant;" the other party is the "appellee."
Appellate – about appeals; an appellate court has the power to review
the judgment of a lower court (trial court) or tribunal. For example, the U.S.
circuit courts of appeals review the decisions of the U.S. district courts.
Arraignment – a proceeding in which a criminal defendant is brought
into court, told of the charges in an indictment or information, and asked to
plead guilty or not guilty.
B
Bail – the release, prior to trial, of a person accused of a crime, under
specified conditions designed to assure that person's appearance in court
when required. Also can refer to the amount of bond money posted as a
financial condition of pretrial release.
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Bench trial – a trial without a jury, in which the judge serves as the factfinder.
Burden of proof – the duty to prove disputed facts. In civil cases, a
plaintiff generally has the burden of proving his or her case. In criminal
cases, the government has the burden of proving the defendant's guilt. (See
standard of proof.)
C
Capital offense – a crime punishable by death.
Case law – the law as established in previous court decisions. A
synonym for legal precedent. Akin to common law, which springs from
tradition and judicial decisions.
Cause of action – a legal claim.
Chief judge – the judge who has primary responsibility for the
administration of a court; chief judges are determined by seniority
Common law – the legal system that originated in England and is now in
use in the United States, which relies on the articulation of legal principles
in a historical succession of judicial decisions. Common law principles can
be changed by legislation.
Community service – a special condition the court imposes that requires
an individual to work – without pay – for a civic or nonprofit organization.
Complaint – a written statement that begins a civil lawsuit, in which the
plaintiff details the claims against the defendant.
Conviction – a judgment of guilt against a criminal defendant.
Court – government entity authorized to resolve legal disputes. Judges
sometimes use "court" to refer to themselves in the third person, as in "the
court has read the briefs."
D
Damages – money that a defendant pays a plaintiff in a civil case if the
plaintiff has won. Damages may be compensatory (for loss or injury) or
punitive (to punish and deter future misconduct).
Defendant – an individual (or business) against whom a lawsuit is filed.
In a civil case, the person or organization against whom the plaintiff brings
suit; in a criminal case, the person accused of the crime.
Due process – in criminal law, the constitutional guarantee that a
defendant will receive a fair and impartial trial. In civil law, the legal rights
of someone who confronts an adverse action threatening liberty or property.
36
E
Evidence – information presented in testimony or in documents that is
used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case in favor of
one side or the other.
Exculpatory evidence – evidence indicating that a defendant did not
commit the crime.
F
Federal public defender – an attorney employed by the federal courts on
a full-time basis to provide legal defense to defendants who are unable to
afford counsel. The judiciary administers the federal defender program
pursuant to the Criminal Justice Act.
Felony – a serious crime, usually punishable by at least one year in
prison.
File – to place a paper in the official custody of the clerk of court to
enter into the files or records of a case.
G
Grand jury – a body of 16-23 citizens who listen to evidence of criminal
allegations, which is presented by the prosecutors, and determine whether
there is probable cause to believe an individual committed an offense. See
also indictment and U.S. attorney.
H
Hearsay – evidence presented by a witness who did not see or hear the
incident in question but heard about it from someone else. With some
exceptions, hearsay generally is not admissible as evidence at trial
Home confinement – a special condition the court imposes that requires
an individual to remain at home except for certain approved activities such
as work and medical appointments. Home confinement may include the use
of electronic monitoring equipment – a transmitter attached to the wrist or
the ankle – to help ensure that the person stays at home as required.
I
Impeachment – 1. The process of calling a witness's testimony into
doubt. For example, if the attorney can show that the witness may have
fabricated portions of his testimony, the witness is said to be "impeached;"
2. The constitutional process whereby the House of Representatives may
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"impeach" (accuse of misconduct) high officers of the federal government,
who are then tried by the Senate.
Inculpatory evidence – evidence indicating that a defendant did commit
the crime.
Indictment – the formal charge issued by a grand jury stating that there
is enough evidence that the defendant committed the crime to justify having
a trial; it is used primarily for felonies. See also information.
Issue – 1. The disputed point between parties in a lawsuit; 2. To send
out officially, as in a court issuing an order.
J
Judge – an official of the Judicial branch with authority to decide
lawsuits brought before courts. Used generically, the term judge may also
refer to all judicial officers, including Supreme Court justices.
Judgeship – the position of judge. By statute, Congress authorizes the
number of judgeships for each district and appellate court.
Judgment – the official decision of a court finally resolving the dispute
between the parties to the lawsuit.
Jurisdiction – the legal authority of a court to hear and decide a certain
type of case. It also is used as a synonym for venue, meaning the geographic
area over which the court has territorial jurisdiction to decide cases.
Jurisprudence – the study of law and the structure of the legal system
Jury – the group of persons selected to hear the evidence in a trial and
render a verdict on matters of fact. See also grand jury.
Jury instructions – a judge's directions to the jury before it begins
deliberations regarding the factual questions it must answer and the legal
rules that it must apply.
L
Lawsuit – a legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant based
on a complaint that the defendant failed to perform a legal duty which
resulted in harm to the plaintiff.
Litigation – a case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and
defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.
M
Magistrate judge – a judicial officer of a district court who conducts
initial proceedings in criminal cases, decides criminal misdemeanor cases,
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conducts many pretrial civil and criminal matters on behalf of district
judges, and decides civil cases with the consent of the parties.
Mental health treatment – special condition the court imposes to require
an individual to undergo evaluation and treatment for a mental disorder.
Treatment may include psychiatric, psychological, and sex offense-specific
evaluations, inpatient or outpatient counseling, and medication.
Misdemeanor – an offense punishable by one year of imprisonment or
less. See also felony.
Mistrial – an invalid trial, caused by fundamental error. When a mistrial
is declared, the trial must start again with the selection of a new jury.
Moot – not subject to a court ruling because the controversy has not
actually arisen, or has ended
O
Oral argument – an opportunity for lawyers to summarize their position
before the court and also to answer the judges' questions.
P
Panel – 1. In appellate cases, a group of judges (usually three) assigned
to decide the case; 2. In the jury selection process, the group of potential
jurors; 3. The list of attorneys who are both available and qualified to serve
as court-appointed counsel for criminal defendants who cannot afford their
own counsel.
Parole – the release of a prison inmate – granted by the U.S. Parole
Commission – after the inmate has completed part of his or her sentence in a
federal prison. When the parolee is released to the community, he or she is
placed under the supervision of a U.S. probation officer.
Petit jury (or trial jury) – a group of citizens who hear the evidence
presented by both sides at trial and determine the facts in dispute. Federal
criminal juries consist of 12 persons. Federal civil juries consist of at least
six persons.
Petition – the document that initiates the filing of a bankruptcy
proceeding, setting forth basic information regarding the debtor, including
name, address, chapter under which the case is filed, and estimated amount
of assets and liabilities.
Petty offense – a federal misdemeanor punishable by six months or less
in prison.
Plaintiff – a person or business that files a formal complaint with the
court.
39
Plea – in a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading "guilty" or
"not guilty" in answer to the charges. See also nolo contendere.
Precedent – a court decision in an earlier case with facts and legal issues
similar to a dispute currently before a court. Judges will generally "follow
precedent" – meaning that they use the principles established in earlier cases
to decide new cases that have similar facts and raise similar legal issues. A
judge will disregard precedent if a party can show that the earlier case was
wrongly decided, or that it differed in some significant way from the current
case.
Probation – sentencing option in the federal courts. With probation,
instead of sending an individual to prison, the court releases the person to
the community and orders him or her to complete a period of supervision
monitored by a U.S. probation officer and to abide by certain conditions.
Probation officer – officers of the probation office of a court. Probation
officer duties include conducting presentence investigations, preparing
presentence reports on convicted defendants, and supervising released
defendants.
Prosecute – to charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a
criminal case on behalf of the government
R
Record – a written account of the proceedings in a case, including all
pleadings, evidence, and exhibits submitted in the course of the case.
S
Sanction – a penalty or other type of enforcement used to bring about
compliance with the law or with rules and regulations.
Senior judge – a federal judge who, after attaining the requisite age and
length of judicial experience, takes senior status, thus creating a vacancy
among a court's active judges. A senior judge retains the judicial office and
may cut back his or her workload by as much as 75 percent, but many opt to
keep a larger caseload.
Sentence – the punishment ordered by a court for a defendant convicted
of a crime.
Settlement – parties to a lawsuit resolve their dispute without having a
trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in
at least partial satisfaction of the other party's claims, but usually do not
include the admission of fault.
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