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Файл:Теория и практика речевой коммуникации. Практикум
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go up and down (v) Fares have gone up and down over the last
few months.
Exercise 66. Look at the graph about the number of university
applications. Write sentences with the words in brackets. Write
about main trends or important points.
1. (rise / from ... to)
2. (climb to / by)
3. (fall to / in)
4. (a decline in / during)
5. (fluctuate / between ... and)
6. (level off / around)
7. (reach a peak / around)
8. (drop / after)
9.
ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES
UP OR DOWN QUICKLY
rapidly (adv) The number of smartphones in use has risen rapidly
over the last ten years.
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rapid (adj) In this decade, there was a rapid increase in
smartphone use.
suddenly (adv) Employment figures dropped suddenly during the
following ten years.
sudden (adj) The next decade saw a sudden decrease in employ-
ment figures.
sharply (adv) The price of textbooks rose sharply.
sharp (adj) There was a sharp rise in the price of textbooks.
dramatically (adv) Exports fell dramatically last year.
dramatic (adj) There was a dramatic fall in exports last year.
significantly (adv) Property taxes rose significantly in 2014.
significant (adj) There was a significant rise in property taxes in
2014.
steeply (adv) The number of people attending the event increased
steeply in 2013.
steep (adj) The year 2013 saw a steep increase in the number of
people attending the event.
UP OR DOWN MORE SLOWLY
steadily (adv) The number of tourists visiting the park rose
steadily.
steady (adj) The park experienced a steady increase in the
number of tourists.
gradually (adv) The population of the province gradually de-
clined.
gradual (adj) There was a gradual decline in the population of
the province.
slightly (adv) Bus fares may go up slightly.
slight (adj) A slight increase in bus fares is expected.
minor (adj) There were minor fluctuations in the value of raw
materials.
Exercise 67. Look at the graph about students studying lan-
guages at university. Write two sentences about each language. Try
to write about main trends or significant features.
52
Exercise 68. Work in pairs. Look at the bar chart and answer
the questions.
1. What topic does it provide information about?
2. What is meant by the term “trends”?
3. What trends do you see in this chart?
4. What is meant by the term “exception”?
5. What exception do you see in this chart?
6. Which are the lowest and highest bars in the chart?
53
Exercise 69. Read the instructions and answer the question.
Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Which aspects of the task did you find difficult?
Exercise 70. Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and dis-
cuss these questions.
a Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful?
b Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered
the sample question in Section B?
c Which tips will you use in the future?
1. The first step is to look carefully at the information in the bar
chart. Don't rush through this step. Make sure you understand the chart
before you start to write.
2. Underline important words in the question and circle important
points in the bar chart.
3. Identify what key information is being presented in the bar
chart and which important dates, figures or striking features you'll need
to write about.
4. Plan your writing. You can usually divide it into three para-
graphs: introduction, first main paragraph and second main paragraph.
5. Look carefully at the timeframe that the bar chart covers and
work out what tenses you need to use (past, present, present perfect or
future).
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6. Begin with an introductory sentence that describes the bar chart
in general terms, but don't repeat the exact wording of the question.
7. Then describe one or two general trends or features shown in
the bar chart. Don't go into detail; just report the most important trends
and features you see when you look at the chart.
8. In the first main paragraph, select and write about the features
that are most important and interesting, and include relevant data to
support the points you make.
9. When selecting key information, look for the highest and the
lowest bar. Look for any trends and exceptions to those trends.
10. Don't try to write about all the data in the bar chart and don't
include details that are irrelevant to the main trends.
11. Remember, don't try to analyse or explain the information in
the chart or do any calculations; just describe and report it.
12. Be careful when talking about quantities. If you're unsure
about exact figures, it's better to give an approximate figure, e.g. Factory A produced around 5,000 units.
13. Keep track of the time. Don't spend more than 20 minutes on
Task.
14. Make sure your handwriting is clear and legible.
15. Keep in mind the criteria that the examiners use to mark your
response.
APPROXIMATION
around The population grew by around a million people in that
decade.
about According to the chart, about 45% of all people surveyed
believe in UFOs.
roughly Roughly 300,000 units were manufactured in factory A
in 2005.
approximately Approximately 4,000 more people attended
this year 's parade.
almost The vacancy rate for hotel rooms is almost zero in August.
nearly Nearly 90 % of people in the country agreed with this de-
cision.
just over Just over 2.5 billion people worldwide own digital cam-
eras.
just under This state has just under 300 days of sunshine a year
55
NUMBERS AND AMOUNTS
the number of
The number of serious storms to affect New England rose to 21
this year
the amount of
The amount of natural gas produced this year increased sharply.
more than
There was more rainfall in April than in May.
fewer than
The chart indicates that fewer people visited this website in 2012
than in 2011.
less than
The factory produced less pollution during 2010 than in the previ-
ous year.
(about) the same as
The amount of time it takes to complete task A is (about) the
same as the amount of time it takes to complete task B.
To make these expressions stronger, you can use many, much, far:
many more than, much
more than, far less than
To make these expressions weaker, you can use slightly or a little:
slightly more than, a little less than.
twice as many as
There were nearly twice as many accidents at the factory this year
as last year.
twice as much as
According to the chart, there was about twice as much coal mined
in this county in the 1940s as in the 1990s.
(nearly/almost) doubled
The amount of milk produced at this dairy farm nearly doubled
over the five year period.
The number of runners in the race almost doubled between 2000
and 2015.
half as many as
There were only about half as many applications for jobs received
in January as there had been in July.
half as much as
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A dollar in 1980 was worth around half as much as it had been in
1967
amount +times + as many as There were, on average, about three
times as many pages in newspapers in country A as in country B.
amount+ times+ as much as
There was around four times as much traffic in city X as in city Y.
Exercise 71. Look at the chart about world production of bi-
cycles and cars. Write sentences about the information in the chart
using these phrases:
1. the number of
2. slightly more I than
3. roughly three times as many I as
4. far fewer I than
5. about twice as many I as
Exercise 72. Look at the chart about snowfall in Canadian ski
resorts. Then write complete sentences with information from the
chart.
1. Viking Mountain / November / December
2. Viking Mountain / Snowbury / November
3. Snowbury / Viking Mountain / December
4. Powder Peak / December / November
57
Exercise 73. Look at the chart below. Use information from
the chart to write sentences with these words and phrases.
1. the most expensive
2. the second most expensive
3. the least ex pensive
4. slightly higher than
5. much less costly than
6. far more expensive
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Exercise 74. Work in pairs. Look at the table and answer the
questions.
1. What information does the table provide?
2. Look at the text shaded in darker blue across the top of the table.
What information does this give you?
3. Look at the text shaded in darker blue in the left-hand column.
What information does this give you?
4. What trends can you see in the table?
5. What exceptions to the trends can you see in the table?
6. How much time would you have to write about a table like this
in an IELTS exam?
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Exercise 75. Read the instructions and answer the question.
Which aspects of the task did you find difficult?
Exercise 76. Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and dis-
cuss these questions.
a. Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful?
b. Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered
the sample question in Section B?
c. Which tips will you use in the future?
1. The first step is to look carefully at the information in the table.
Don't rush through this step. Make sure you understand the table before
you start to write.
2. Underline important words in the question and circle important
information in the table.
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