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6. Do you have any personal experiences or background infor-
mation related to these opinions.
7. What is your own opinion? Discuss with your partner.
Exercise 102. Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and dis-
cuss these questions.
a. Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful?
b. Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered
the sample question?
c. Which tips will you use in the future?
1. Spend a few minutes reading and thinking about the task . Make
sure you understand the two opinions and the question. Underline key
words .
2. You don't have a lot of time, but you should make a brief plan.
Write several reasons why you might agree with the first opinion and
several reasons why you might agree with the second opinion . Is it easier to think of reasons to agree with the first or second opinion? This
can help you decide which position to take.
3. Your essay should include an introduction, two main paragraphs
and a conclusion.
4. Your introduction can be brief. You should restate the two opin-
ions in your own words, and if possible provide a little background on
the issues. For example, you can explain why this issue is an important
one, or why it has become more important in recent times.
5. You don't have to state your opinion in the introduction in this
type of essay. You can discuss one of the opinions in the first main paragraph, then discuss the opposing opinion in the second main paragraph, and then give your own opinion in the conclusion.
6. Begin each main paragraph with a topic sentence (a sentence
that states the main idea of the paragraph). This sentence can be quite
simple. All of the sentences in that paragraph should support the topic
sentence.
7. In both paragraphs, you should use linking words and phrases to
move smoothly from one reason to another and to connect the two paragraphs.
8. You should support the reasons that you give in your main para-
graphs with specific details and examples.
9. The final paragraph can be brief. You should summarise the
main points of both opinions and clearly state your own opinion.
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10. The final paragraph should also begin with a word or phrase to
signal that it is a conclusion.
11. Your paragraphs should be clearly separated, for example, you
can leave a blank space between them or indent the first line of each
new paragraph.
12. Keep track of the time. You have about 40 minutes to do Task 2.
13. Make sure your handwriting is clear and legible enough for the
examiners to read.
Exercise 103. Read the task and answer the question. Which
aspects of the task did you find difficult?
Write about the following topic.
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Some people think that schools should use teaching methods
that encourage students to cooperate.
Other people think that schools should use teaching methods
that encourage students to compete.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples
from your own knowledge and experience. Write at least 250 words.
Exercise 104. The topic sentence of the second main paragraph
should contain a linking word to link this paragraph with the first
main paragraph. This type of linking word indicates concession.
(You admit that information in the first paragraph is true, but you
indicate that there is information that is in contrast to it.)
Work in pairs. Read the topic sentences (1-7) and answer the
questions.
a. Decide which sentences would make a good topic sentence for
the first main paragraph. Mark those sentences A.
b. Decide which sentences would make a good topic sentence for
the second main paragraph . Mark those sentences B.
c. If a sentence is not a good topic sentence, mark it X.
d. Discuss your answers with a partner.
1. Although online shopping is popular, there are some advantages
to shopping at traditional
2. Certainly, there are some excellent reasons why people prefer
online shopping.
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3. A reason people prefer to buy things online is because it is con-
venient.
4. Increasingly, online shopping is becoming a more popular
choice, for the following reasons.
5. However, not everyone likes to shop at traditional stores.
6. It is not hard to understand why more and more shoppers are
buying products online.
7. Despite the convenience of online shopping, there are some rea-
sons to prefer more traditional forms of shopping.
INTRODUCING REASONS
In the two main paragraphs, you can provide two or three reasons
that support each point of view. Use sequencing words and phrases to
introduce these sentences so that the paragraph flows smoothly from
one reason to another.
FIRST REASON
First, ... I First of all, ...
One reason is that ... The first reason ... For one thing , .. .
OTHER REASONS
Secondly, ... /Thirdly, ...
A second/third reason is that ...
Another reason i s that ...
Moreover, ... I Furthermore, ... I In addition, ...
However, ...
On the other hand, ...
Nevertheless , . . . In contrast... . Whilst/While ...
Although ...
Even though ... Whereas ... Despite ...
In spite of ...
Equally important is the fact that . ..
What's more, ...
FINAL REASON
Finally, ...
One final reason is that ...
Exercise 105. Read the question about online shopping again.
Then look at the two main paragraphs below. Complete the paragraphs with linking words and expressions words. In some cases,
more than one word or expression can be used.
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Increasingly, online shopping is becoming a popular choice, for
the following reasons.
1 ... prices at online sites are generally somewhat lower than they
are at traditional stores. 2 ... online shopping can be done quickly and
easily. 3 ... your purchases are delivered directly to your home. 4 ... it
doesn't take long at all to receive your purchases.
Despite the convenience of online shopping, there are some rea-
sons to prefer more traditional forms of shopping. 5 ... many people
enjoy shopping as a social experience. 6 ... you can examine the merchandise you might buy closely, and in the case of clothing, you can try
it on. 7 ... it is usually easier to return items to a traditional store if you
decide they are not right for you.
SUPPORTING YOUR REASONS
You can support your reasons by giving details and other specific
information. The 'three Es' are effective ways to support your reasons:
examples, explanation and experience.
EXAMPLES
For example / For instance There are several strong reasons why
students should be encouraged to work while they are attending university. One reason is that a part-time job can help prepare them for a
career. For example/For instance, a job in a television studio can help
a student to prepare for a career in broadcasting.
EXPLANATION
In other words There are a number of reasons why the govern-
ment should provide some support to artists. First of all, financial support gives artists creative freedom. In other words, they are not forced
to create art that they can easily sell.
EXPERIENCE
In my experience / In my case However, there are also reasons
why it is preferable to study from traditional textbooks rather than electronic textbooks. For one thing, you can take notes in traditional textbooks easily. In my experience, this is an important way to remember
what you have read.
Once Once, my family had a birthday party for my grandmother at
our house and it took nearly all the next day to tidy up.
Exercise 105. Work in pairs. Read the two main paragraphs
below, which are part of an essay about the traditional/online
94
shopping question on page 242. Then look at the sentences (A-D)
and answer the questions (1-3).
1 Are the sentences examples, explanations or experiences?
2 Add an introductory phrase (in other words, for example, in my
experience, etc.) before each sentence.
3 Decide the best place in the paragraphs to put the four sentenc-
es. Write the letter of the sentence in that position.
A ..., they view shopping as a social experience.
B ... , Amazon.com can often deliver books or other purchases to
you in a matter of days, especially if you order express shipping.
C ... I ordered an exercise machine from an online company. Af-
ter I had unpacked it, I realized that it was not the one I wanted.
Repacking it and shipping it back was not convenient at all.
D .... , one tool I ordered online cost half as much as it did at a lo-
cal hardware store.
Increasingly, online shopping is becoming a more popular choice,
for the following reasons. First of all, prices at online sites are generally
somewhat lower than they are at traditional stores. Furthermore, ordering goods online is quick and easy. What’s more, your purchases are
delivered directly to your home. One final reason is that it doesn't take
long at all to receive your purchases.
Despite the convenience of online shopping, there are some rea-
sons to prefer more traditional forms of shopping. For one thing, many
people enjoy shopping with friend. In addition, you can examine the
merchandise you might buy closely, and in the case of clothing, you
can try it on. Finally, it is usually easier to return items to a traditional
store if you decide they are not right for you.
Рекомендуемая литература
1. Cullen Pauline. Common Mistakes at IELTS Intermediate and
How to Avoid Them. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
2. Terry Morgan, Wilson Judith. Focus on Academic Skills for
IELTS. Pearson Longman, 2010.
3. Rogers, Bruce. The Complete guide to Ielts. United Kingdom
National Geographic Learning Cengage Learning, 2016.
95
13. A PROBLEM/SOLUTION ESSAY
Цель: Развитие знаний, умений и навыков при отработке
письменных заданий в результате освоения данной темы.
Освоение вышеуказанных аспектов работы будут способ-
ствовать формированию следующих компетенций:
студент овладевает когнитивно-дискурсивными умениями,
направленными на восприятие и порождение связных монологических и диалогических текстов в устной и письменной форме (ОПК-3);
студент овладевает конвенциями речевого общения в ино-
язычном социуме, правилами и традициями межкультурного и профессионального общения с носителями иностранного языка (ОПК-5).
Освоение вышеуказанных аспектов работы будут способ-
ствовать формированию следующих знаний, умений и навыков
знать:
стилистические ресурсы и дифференциацию языковых
средств русского и английского языков; закономерности функционирования изучаемого иностранного языка, его функциональные
разновидности, литературную норму, формулы общения, фразеологические единицы и т.д.; экстралингвистическую и лингвострановедческую информацию относительно этических и нравственных норм поведения, принятых в инокультурном социуме;
уметь:
выделять в тексте основные лексические, грамматиче-
ские, словообразовательные явления иностранного языка, объяснять основные языковые явления и закономерности их использования в тексте, выбирать наиболее уместные языковые
средства изучаемого иностранного языка для построения аутентичных высказываний;
выбирать наиболее уместные языковые средства изучаемо-
го иностранного языка для построения аутентичных высказываний; определять и интерпретировать разнообразные лингвистические явления в их взаимосвязи с основной коммуникативной задачей; выявлять основные лингвистические феномены, которые являются барьером в успешном осуществлении коммуникативной
деятельности;
96
владеть
терминологическим аппаратом лингвостилистики и смеж-
ных дисциплин; методами и приемами лингвистического анализа
языковых единиц, текстов и их фрагментов различной жанровостилевой принадлежности; навыками научного подхода к работе
над текстом различной стилевой принадлежности с целью адекватного изложения его результатов на русском и английском языках в письменной форм.
Теоретическая часть
Here are the basic rules for writing Problem/Solution Essays:
• Read and analyse the problem and the questions carefully.
• Write about the causes of the problem and propose possible solu-
tions.
• Write a brief, well-organised introduction, at least two main par-
agraphs and a short conclusion.
• Support your answer by giving reasons from your own
knowledge or experience.
• Write in paragraphs. Do not use notes or bullet points.
• Use an academic register or style.
• Write at least 250 words.
• Complete the task in about 40 minutes.
Be sure to answer BOTH questions. You need to give the causes of
the problem and you need to propose possible solutions.
Задания
Exercise 106. Work in pairs. Look at the writing task below
and answer the questions.
Every year millions of people around the world suffer from poor
health as a result of air pollution.
What do you think are the causes of this?
What solutions can you suggest?
1. What problem is the task asking you to discuss?
2. What does the first question ask you to do?
3. What does the second question ask you to do?
4. With your partner, think of some answers to the first and second
question.
97
5. Do you have any personal experiences or knowledge related to
this problem?
Exercise 107. Work in pairs. Read the tips and tactics and dis-
cuss these questions.
a. Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful?
b. Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered
the sample question in Section B?
c. Which tips will you use in the future?
1. Spend a few minutes reading and thinking about the problem
and the questions. Make sure you understand what the task is asking
you to do. Underline key words.
2. You don't have a lot of time, but you should make a brief plan.
Think about the most important ideas you need to include, for example,
the main causes and main solutions to the problem.
3. Your essay should include an introduction, two main paragraphs
and a conclusion.
4. Your introduction can be brief. You should first restate the prob-
lem in your own words and then briefly explain why this problem is a
serious one.
5. Begin each main paragraph with a topic sentence (a sentence
that states the main idea of the paragraph). In the first paragraph, the
topic sentence should indicate that you are going to discuss the causes
of the problem. In the second paragraph, the topic sentence should indicate that you are going to discuss the solutions to the problem.
6. In both paragraphs, you should use linking words and phrases to
signal that you are moving from one point to another.
7. In the first paragraph, you should use vocabulary of cause and
effect to explain why the problem exists.
8. In the second paragraph, you should support the solutions you
give with examples, explanations or experiences.
9. The final paragraph can be brief. You should restate the main
arguments and bring the essay to a conclusion, for example, you could
indicate which solution is best.
10. Your paragraphs should be clearly separated, for example, you
can leave a blank space between them or indent the first line of each
new paragraph.
98
11. Keep track of the time. You have about 40 minutes to do Task
2.
12. Make sure your handwriting is clear and legible enough for the
examiners to read.
13. As you write your response, keep in mind the criteria that the
examiners use to mark your response.
Exercise 108. Read the task below. Then write a short intro-
duction for this question.
One problem faced by almost every large city is traffic congestion.
What do you think are the causes of this?
What solutions can you suggest?
Exercise 109. Work in pairs. Look at the task below. Then
read the four topic sentences to begin a paragraph about the causes
of illiteracy. Two of them would be good topic sentences. What
problems do you see in the other two sentences? Discuss your answers.
In many parts of the world, illiteracy rates are still high. What do
you think are the causes of this?
What solutions can you suggest?
1. The problem of illiteracy has multiple causes.
2. One cause of illiteracy is a lack of trained teachers.
3. There are a number of ways this problem can be approached.
4. Several factors are at the root of the problem of illiteracy.
Рекомендуемая литература
1. Cullen Pauline. Common Mistakes at IELTS Intermediate and
How to Avoid Them. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
2. Terry Morgan, Wilson Judith. Focus on Academic Skills for
IELTS. Pearson Longman, 2010.
3. Rogers, Bruce. The Complete guide to Ielts. United Kingdom
National Geographic Learning Cengage Learning, 2016.
99
14. INTRODUCTION AND INTERVIEW
Цель: формирование общекультурных и общепрофессиональ-
ных компетенций через развитие знаний, умений и навыков при отработке заданий на говорение в результате освоения данной темы.
Освоение вышеуказанных аспектов работы будут способ-
ствовать формированию следующих компетенций:
студент овладевает когнитивно-дискурсивными умениями,
направленными на восприятие и порождение связных монологических и диалогических текстов в устной и письменной форме (ОПК-3);
студент овладевает конвенциями речевого общения в ино-
язычном социуме, правилами и традициями межкультурного и профессионального общения с носителями иностранного языка (ОПК-5).
Освоение вышеуказанных аспектов работы будут способ-
ствовать формированию следующих знаний, умений и навыков
знать:
основные фонетические, лексические, грамматические, сло-
вообразовательные явления изучаемого иностранного языка в аспекте теории и диахронии;
стилистические ресурсы и дифференциацию языковых
средств русского и английского языков; закономерности функционирования изучаемого иностранного языка, его функциональные
разновидности, литературную норму, формулы общения, фразеологические единицы и т.д.; экстралингвистическую и лингвострановедческую информацию относительно этических и нравственных норм поведения, принятых в инокультурном социуме;
теоретические основы теории текста как категории междис-
циплинарного знания в соответствии с современными исследованиями русских и зарубежных учёных;
уметь:
выделять в тексте основные фонетические, лексические,
грамматические, словообразовательные явления иностранного
языка, объяснять основные языковые явления и закономерности их
использования в тексте, выбирать наиболее уместные языковые
средства изучаемого иностранного языка для построения аутентичных высказываний;
100
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