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Файл:Речевой практикум по английскому языку. В 2 частях. Ч.2. Учебное пособие
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We ha ve sp ent t h ous a nds of yea r s fi ght i ng f or ou r s ur vi va l. Y et
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now we have discovered that our planet is under threat and t o make
matters worse, it’s all fault.
The rainforests are dying, rare plants and animal species are
disappearing, rivers and seas are being contaminated, crops are failing
to grow, people ar e dying of hunger and the air being polluted. It’s
time we woke up to these problems and start ed repairing the damage.
One of the major problems is the destruction of the rainforests
in South America. They are home to half the world’s species and to
millions of people. Moreover, the rainforests clean the air by
absorbing carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen. The trees are being
cut down for paper or to make cattle farms. As a result, birds and
animals lose their homes and die. This destruction is also bringing
about changes in climate, air pollution, flooding, drought and famine.
If continue to burn and cut down the rainforests as we are doing now,
the earth will never be the same again.
Another big problem is water pollution. Do you like swimming
in th e sea or drinki n g a cool glass of water on a h ot day ? Thes e s i mple
pleasures may soon become a thing of past. F actories are polluting our
rivers and lakes with dangerous chemicals. Oil tankers are releasing
thick, black oil into our oceans. Tons and tons of industrial and
domestic waste are poured into our seas. Consequently, sea life is
thr ea tened with ext i nction.
Air pollution is another important issue. The cars and factories
in and around our cities ar e giving off dangerous fumes. In the past
few years, more and more people than ever before have developed
allergies and br eathing problems. If we don’t do something now, our
cities will become imp ossible to live in.
Fortunately, it is not late to solve these problems. We have the
time and even the technology to prepare the way for a better, cleaner
and safer future. We can create parks for endangered species. We can
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plant trees and adopt a nimals. We can put pressure on those in p ower
….. waste
….. dioxide
….. a thing of the past
….. tankers
….. fumes
….. with extinction
…. . all ergies
….. problems
….. species
….. action
….. pollution
….. rainforest
to take actions. Toget her we can save our planet. All we need to do is
to op en our eye s and act immediately.
Exercise 9. Make word-combinations, translate them and make up
sentences with them.
To be threatened, carbon, to become, endangered, to give off,
breathing, to take, industrial/domestic, oil, to develop, water, destruction.
TEX T C
Exercise 10. Read and tra nslate the text.
Eart h day
Eart h Day is right ar ound the cor ner and t his year the t heme is
“Green Cities.” What do you know about its history? On April 22,
1970, anthropologist and environmentalist Margaret Mead started the
first Earth Day, an event t o increase public awareness of the world’s
environmental problems. Earth Day created an environmental
movement. It began on April 22 in America and raised public
awareness of air and water pollution. Until that time, protecting the
planet ’s nat ural resour ces was not pa rt of t he nat ional pol itica l agenda .
Factories pump ed pollutants int o t he air, lakes, and r ivers with few legal
penalties. Big, gas-guzzling cars were a sign of prosperity. Only a small
portion of the population were recycling their things. The first Earth
Day was effect ive a t ra ising a war enes s ab out envi ron menta l iss ues a nd
changing public attitudes. During the 1970s, a number of important
piec es of en vi r on men t al leg is lat ion w er e p ass ed, a mon g t he m t he Clea n
Air Act, the Water Q ualit y Improvement Act, the End angered S pecies
Act, a nd the Tox ic Substances Control Act . Another key develop ment
was the establis hment in December 1970 of the EPA, whic h protects
human hea lth a nd safegu ards t he natura l environ ment —a ir, wat er and
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land. S ince 1970, Earth Day celebra tions have grown. In 1990, Earth
1.
a.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
6.
f.
humans
7.
g.
ejec t s gasses and molten r ock
8.
h.
9.
i.
10.
j.
Day went global, with 200 million people in over 140 nations
part icipating, a ccording t o the Ea rth Day N etwork (E DN), a nonprofit
orga nization t hat coor dinates Ear th Da y activities . In 20 00, Earth D ay
focus ed on cl ean energy and involv ed hu ndreds of millions of p eopl e in
184 countries and 5,000 environmental groups, according to EDN.
Activit ies ra nged from a traveling, talking dru m chain in Ga bon, Africa,
to a gat hering of hu ndreds of thou sa nds of peop le a t the Na tiona l Mall
in Was hington, D.C . Toda y, the Eart h Day Networ k collabora tes with
more than 17,000 partners and organizations in 174 countries.
According to EDN, more tha n 1 billion people are involved in Ear th
Day activities, ma king it “the largest secu lar civic event in the world.”
Exercise 11. Pleas e mat ch th e word t o it s mea nin g. Then mak e a fe w
sentences of your o w n.
anthropo logist
circumfer enc e
diameter
volcano
lava
to be in the sp ot light
widt h, distanc e, length
molt en rock or magma
to be at the center of attention
to protect, look after
to consume, burn up, use
a scientist who studies the
behavior and development of
to collaborate
to guzzle
to safeguard
like gangbust ers
Exercise 12. Read and tra nslate the text.
High above the earth's atmosphere there is a thin veil in the
stratosphere called the ozone layer, which protects the earth from the
sun's destructive ultraviolet (UV) rays. This protective layer is being
damaged by chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which ar e
opening in earth’s crust that
with great impact, vigor or zeal
boundary, edge, outer limits
to work together
TEXT D
Once again about ozone holes
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released into the atmosphere by the daily use of such industrial and
household products as refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation,
cleaning chemicals, and food packa ging. The CFCs rise into the oz one
layer, where the sunlight decomposes them, releasing chlorine. The
chlorine attacks the ozone molecules, thinning or even making a "hole" in
the ozone layer. This "hole" allows more UV rays to penetrate to the
earth. Overexposure to UV rays can increase the risk of skin cancer,
weaken the immune system, and damage the retina. Not only are humans
at risk; so, too, are animals, plants, and the environment in general.
With the thinning of the ozone la yer, UV rays can penetrate the
ocea ns, seri ously imp airing t he growt h of plankton, a n essentia l par t
of the marine-life food chain, and can reduce the yields of
eco nomi cal ly impor ta nt cr op s s uc h as soyb ea ns, c otto n, a nd r ic e. T h e
scientists point out that the global ecological crisis cannot be
precluded unless all countries join their efforts to render mutual
ecological help on a non-governmental basis.
Now the planet's "green lungs" are being destroyed, its ozone
layer ruined, the global war ming sets in, the acid rains fall out, the
rivers grow shallower, and the oceans get polluted. Efforts of
International ecological organization of the Green Cross and Green
Crescent will be devoted to carring out an extensive international
project "Resuscitation of Ozone Layer. " Materialization of the pr oject
would involve new technologies advanced by the scientists and
experts from the Russian key aerospace companies. The patching up
of the ozone holes is feasible t echnologically. This would call for the
creation of a superpowerful unit flying at the height of 25-30 km and
capable of generating several thousand tons of ozone a month.
The world community (and isn't this the problem of the
mankind's concern) needs as few as 30-45 such units to save our
Planet from the "ultraviolet death." To materialise the project, an
international industrial ecological consortium is being set up which
will take up the solution of scientific, financial and ot her problems.
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Exercise 13. Give the English equivalents for the following phrases.
1.
a.
2.
b.
3.
c.
4.
d.
5.
e.
6.
f.
7.
g.
8.
h.
9.
i.
10.
j.
11.
k.
12.
l.
Защитный слой, проникать, ослаблять иммунную систему,
объединять усилия, на неправительсьтвенной основе, главные
аэрокосмические компании, мировое сообщество, технически
возможный.
Exercise 14. Give corresponding nouns.
To pollute, to contr ol, to develop, to combine, to conclude, to
utilize, to waste, to invest igate, to create, to set, to solve, to measure,
international, governmental, global, uncontrolled, natural, necessary,
ecological, friendly, urgent, feasible, technological, capable,
indus trial, scient ific, financia l.
Exercise 15. Match the adjectives and the nouns.
superpowerful
ecological
scientific
mutual
ultra-violet
global
conscientious
non-governmental
machine-based
long-term
friendly
aerospace
companies
efforts
development
civilization
investigation
technologies
unit
problems
crisis
warming
death
body
Exercise 16. Answer th e follo wing questions.
1) What is the wa y to preclude the global ecological crisis?
2) What does the non-governmental body aim at?
3) Are there any ways of saving the Planet’s ozone layer?
4) What will the early efforts of the International Ecological
Organization of the Green Cross and Green Crescent be
devoted to?
5) Is the “patching up of the ozone holes” feasible
technologically or a fantastic idea only?
6) How many superpowerful units are able to save our Planet
from the “ultra-violet death”?
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TEXT E
Exercise 17. Read and translate the text.
Acid rain
Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any
form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or
nitric acid t hat fa ll to the gr ound fr om the a tmosph ere in wet or dr y
forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is
acidic.
While a small portion of the SO2 and NOX that cause acid rain
is from natural sources such as volcanoes, most of it comes from the
bur ning of foss il fuels. The major sources of SO2 and NOX in the
atmosphere are: burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity (two
thirds of SO2 and one fourth of NOX in the atmosphere come from
electric power generators); vehicles and heavy equipment;
manufacturing, oil refineries and other industries.
Winds can blow SO2 and NOX over long distances and across
borders making acid rain a problem for everyone and not just those
who live close to these sou rces .
Wet deposition is what we most commonly think of as acid
rain. The sulfuric and nitric acids formed in the atmosphere fall to the
ground mixed with ra in, snow, fog, or hail.
Acidic particles and gases can also deposit from the atmosp here
in t h e a b sence of moisture as dry deposition. The acidic particles and
gases may deposit to surfaces (water bodies, vegetation, buildings)
quickly or may react during atmospheric transport to form larger
particles that can be harmful to human healt h. When t he accu mulated
acids are washed off a surface by the next rain, this acidic water flows
over and thr ough t he grou nd, and ca n har m plants and wildlife, such
as insects and fish.
The amount of acidity in the atmosp here t hat depos its to earth
through dry deposition depends on the amount of rainfall an area
receives. For example, in desert areas the ratio of dry to wet
deposition is higher than an area that receives several inches of rain
each year.
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Exercise 18. Answer the following questions.
acid
portion
nitric
dioxide
sulfur
electricity
1) What is acid r ain?
2) What components can it include?
3) What are the main sources of SO2 and NOX in the
atmosphere?
4) What are causes of acid rain?
5) What forms of acid deposition do you know?
6) What is the difference bet w een wet and dry d eposit ion?
7) Where is the ratio of dry to wet deposition higher?
8) How can aci d rains harm plants and wi ldlife?
Exercise 19. Fill in the gaps using the words given.
1. Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any
form of precipitation with ….. , such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall
to th e groun d from t h e atmosphere in wet or dry forms.
2. Acid rain results when ….. and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are
emitted i nto the a tmosp h ere an d transported by wi nd and air cu rrents.
3. They mix with water and other ….. before falling to the
ground.
4. Winds can blow SO2 and NOX over long ….. and across
borders making acid rain a problem for everyone and not just those
who live close to these sou rces .
5. Wet depositio n is what w e most ….. think of as aci d rain.
6. The sulfuric and nitric acids formed in the ….. fall to the
ground mixed with ra in, snow, fog, or hail.
7. Acidic particles a nd ….. can also deposit from the atmosphere
in th e a b s ence of moistu re as dry depos itio n.
8. When the ….. acids are washed off a sur face by the next rain,
this acidic water flows over and through the ground, and can harm
plants and wildli fe, su ch as insects and fish.
atmosphere, gases, accumulated, materials, distances, commonly,
acidic components, sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Exercise 20. Match the it ems on the right to the items on the left.
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small
equipment
fossil
acid
generate
rain
heavy
deposition
dry
fuels
Exercise 21. Put t he words in order to form a sentence.
1. Snow, this, rain, is, can, fog, dust, hail, or, even, include,
acidic, that.
2. Then, the, these, water, other, and, mix, before, to, ground,
with, mat er ials, falling.
3. Industries, oil, refineries, other, rain, and, manufacturing,
cause, acid.
4. Wet, is, what, deposition, we, as, think, commonly, of, acid,
most, rain.
5. The, snow, or, hail, and, nitric, ground, mixed, acids, fog,
formed, fall, to, the, rain, sulfuric, in, the, atmosphere, with.
6. Acidic, gases, can, also, deposit, absence, from, and, in, the, as,
dry, deposition, of, moisture, particles, the, atmosphere.
7. The, particles, acidic, and, may, quickly, gases, deposit,
surfaces, to.
8. The, acidity, receives, atmosphere, depends, rainfall, amount,
amount, of, in, the, on, the, of, an, area.
TEX T F
Exercise 22. Read and translate the text.
Recycling
Recycling is the process of
converting waste materials into new
materials and objects. Recycling can
prevent the waste of potentially useful
materials and reduce the consumption of
fresh raw materials, thereby reducing:
energy usage, air pollution (from
incineration), and water pollution (from
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landfilling). It is a key component of modern waste reduction and is
the third component of the “Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle” waste
hierarchy.
Recyc li ng is t h e pra ct ice of reus in g it ems t ha t wou ld ot her wis e
be discarded as waste. Variations of recycling include upcycling,
which involves adding value to an item for reuse, and downcycling,
which involves breaking down an item or substance into its
component elements to reuse anything that can be salvaged.
Precycling, an alt ernative approach, involves avoiding the acquis i tion
of unnecessary items that would eventually have to be recycled or
dealt with as waste. E-cycling is the pra ctice of reusing, or distributing
for reuse, electronic equip ment and components rather than discarding
them at the end of their life cycle. Discarded electronics and electronic
components (e-waste) are creating a serious problem because of toxic
elements involved in their manufacture.
Recyclable materials include many types of glass, paper, and
card-board, metal, plastic, tires, textiles, and electronics. The
composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste-s uch as food or
garden waste - is also considered recycling. Materials to be recycled
are either brought to the collection center or picked up from the
curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials
destined for manufacturing.
In the strictest sense, the recycling of a material will produce a
fresh supply of the same material - for example, used office paper.
However, this is often difficult or too exp ensive (compared with the
production of the same product from raw materials or other sources),
so “recycling” of many products or materials involves their reuse in
producing different materials (for example, paperboard) instead.
Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials from
complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (such as lead
from car batteries, or gold from circuit boards), or due to their
hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse of mercury from
thermometers a nd thermostats).
Take care of your planet, and it will take care of you.
Exercise 23. Answer the following questions:
1) What is recycling?
2) Why is recycling useful?
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3) What does recycling include?
converting
problem
air
cycle
key
nature
E
pollution
serious
waste
recyclable
products
complex
materials
hazardous
component
4) How do you understand “E-cycling”?
5) What do recyclable materials comprise?
6) What does a recycling process combine?
7) Is recycling always an advantage?
8) Why should we take care of our planet?
Exercise 24. Fill in the gaps using the words given.
1. Recycling is the process of ….. waste materials into new
materials and objects.
2. It is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the
third component of the “….. Reuse, and Recycle” waste hierarchy.
3. Recycling is the practice of ….. items that would otherwise be
discarded as waste.
4. Discarded electronics a nd electronic components (e-waste) are
creating a serious problem because of ….. involved in their
manufacture.
5. In the strictest sense, ….. of a material will produce a fresh
su p ply of the same ma terial, for ex amp le, used office p aper.
6. Materials to be recycled are either brought to the collection
center or picked up from the curbside, then ….. cleaned, and
reprocessed into new materials d estined for ma nu fact u ring.
7. Another form of recycling is the salvage of certain materials
from complex products, either due to their ….. value, or due to their
hazardous nature.
8. Take care of your ….. and it will take care of you.
toxic elements, reusing, sorted, planet, converting, the recycling,
intrinsic, reduce
Exercise 25. Match the it ems on the right to the items on the left.
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