Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Профессиональный английский язык в сфере медиакоммуникаций. Учебное пособие
.pdf
10. What are characteristics of news report of the digital age which modern
media tries to achieve?
Task 2: Think of the key areas in the work of the journalist which were
changed by the impact of technology. Can you add some more areas to the list?
Describe it and give some examples in a form of presentation.
Text 4
ETHICS AND JOURNALISM
Journalistic ethics is the application of the professional standards of this
industry. These principles are filtered through the broader parameters of philosophy,
as well as acceptable social and political assumptions. For example, the journalist is
responsible for keeping the public informed about governmental wrongdoing because
of the commitment of the press to the principles of democracy.
The journalist has a duty to honesty and integrity, to keeping a promise and
actively serving the public good, while avoiding undue harm. Journalists are expected
to offer fair and unbiased reporting, ensuring that a diverse and comprehensive
presentation of a story is offered. Journalists potentially influence readers, but they
mustn`t abuse this influence.
The journalist must therefore have a deep understanding of the ethical functions
of the profession, always look for improving and reforming standards and construct
new ones as necessary. They also must work to promote ethical behavior and, if
necessary, to point out the abuse of ethics in their profession.
There are some duties the journalist must take. For example, the journalist must
offer the reader a fair, unbiased presentation of facts. They must not allow personal
relationships with sources to tarnish the truth. It is essential for the journalist to obey
the law in pursuit of the news. The journalist must not allow competition to taint their
professional responsibilities.
The journalist must participate in public life, but must not represent themselves
as a mouthpiece for a news source, unless permitted. The journalist must also disclose
potential conflicts.
The following questions should guide the journalist while news gathering,
writing, editing, and any other aspect of dispensing their professional duties:
1. Are there any ethical problems that exist in my pursuit or writing of this
story? If so, can they be neutralized, or should the story be turned over to another
journalist?
2. What are the ethical issues of this story? What are the conflicting values and
relevant facts?
3. What are my duties and responsibilities as I approach this story? What will be
the consequences to my employer, the parties involved, and the public? What will be
the consequences to my character?
61
4. Can I make an ethical justification for writing this story? Can I justify my
work in writing it ethically, morally, professionally?
5. Were there any past situations that will help me guide my decision-making? Is
my behavior representative of the profession?
Journalistic ethics is more than a gut feeling of right and wrong. It encompasses
a broad set of standards that are under constant review. As a practitioner, the
journalist must take the ethical responsibilities of the profession seriously at all times.
By doing so they will bring honor to journalism and help maintain the integrity of its
practice for future generations.
Sources: Universal Class: официальный сайт. – 2025. – URL:
https://www.universalclass.com/articles/writing/ethics-and-journalism.htm (дата обращения:
12.04.2025). – Текст : электронный.
Task 1: Read the text and answer the questions.
1. What is the journalist ethics?
2. What principles must press follow?
3. What responsibilities before a reader must the journalist follow?
4. In what way must the journalist perform their ethical function?
5. Name some of the journalist duties.
6. What are other people the journalist must think about in his work?
7. From what issues can the journalist justify their work?
8. Do the journalists turn to their previous experience? What for?
9. What helps to maintain integrity of a profession of the journalist?
Task 2: Think about the duties of the journalists and fund the 5 most important
ones. Give the reason and examples why these duties are essential. Give your
opinion in a form of presentation.
Text 5
JOURNALISM GENRES AND CLASSIFICATION
Journalism is traditionally thought of as part of the social sciences or
information sciences, and has often been considered as the "fourth power" of
societies. It is considered that journalism was formally born with the printing press,
since it gave man the ability to mass-produce pamphlets and other written
communication through which to spread his ideas quickly. However, it will not be
until the 19th century, when the great informative newspapers are born, that
journalism will begin to exist as a professional concept.
As journalism encompasses the production of numerous forms of text, they
have been classified into:
62
Informative genres that have the task of correctly imparting information of
interest, usually news or current.
Opinion genres that analyze, interpret or propose ways of understanding an
event of general interest.
Hybrid genre where the informative desire is combined with personal opinion
and subjective approaches.
According to the means used by journalism to communicate with the public, we
can establish five large groups: written, graphic, radio, audiovisual, digital.
Written. The oldest use to communicate with its readership, although it is rarely
only the written word (they incorporate photos and illustrations, etc.). An example of
this is newspapers and magazines.
Graphic. The one consisting mostly of images: photographs , illustrations,
etc. Rarely, again, is used without written words. For example, the photoreport.
Radio. The one that uses the voice as a vehicle of communication with the
audience. For example, radio shows.
Audiovisual. A step forward with respect to radio, it was born
with television and cinema , therefore it incorporates audio and moving images for
the public's experience. For example, television news.
Digital. The newest slope, born with the Internet . It draws on all the previous
genres to offer the public a complex, mixed experience, characterized by hyperlinks
and participatory reception. For example, the website of a newspaper.
In democratic countries, the journalistic exercise is usually protected and
regulated by law, to guarantee the transparency of its approaches and the objectivity
of its functions. Of course, total objectivity is impossible, but it is thought that
journalism should tend towards it.
Sources: Crgsoft: официальный сайт. – 2025. – URL: https://crgsoft.com/journalismgenres-classification-and-characteristics/(дата обращения: 14.06.2025). – Текст : электронный.
Task 1. Read the text and answer the questions/
1. What is the origin of journalism connected with? How is it explained?
2. When was professional journalism born?
3. What are the forms of journalistic texts classified?
4. By what means do journalists communicate with public?
5. How is journalism protected in democratic countries?
Task 2. Choose one of the genres of journalism and prepare a report about
it. Speak about its origin, its specifics and challenges they imply.
Text 6
FROM THE HISTORY OF JOURNALISM. THE VERY BEGINNING
TASK 1. Express your opinion on the following (agree or disagree). Justify your
choice.
63
To have no thoughts and yet be able to express them - that's how you become a
journalist (K. Kraus).
TASK 2. Read and translate the text.
From the history of journalism. The very beginning
Journalism originated a long time ago. In many countries of the past, people
gathered in squares to exchange the latest news and share their opinions. In essence,
this is the dissemination of information, and therefore, to some extent, it can be called
journalism. Chroniclers in temples recorded what was happening, heralds distributed
news and decrees. Under Julius Caesar, daily summaries of events were kept.
In China, in the 10th century, they published their own "Capital Herald". It
printed the emperor's decrees and reported on the most important events. Newspapers
were printed from wooden boards on which hieroglyphs were cut out, and then
covered with ink and imprints were made. This technology was progressive for its
time, but extremely inconvenient and expensive.
Among the first newspapers reminiscent of modern publications is the
newspaper "La Gazette", published in France since 1631. The political influence of
this French printed publication was so great that some of the notes in it were written
personally by the King of France Louis XIII, as well as Cardinal Richelieu. For the
first time in history, paid advertising began to be published in it.
But the year 1605 is considered to be the birth year of European journalism. The
first edition appeared in Strasbourg. In 1609, the first newspaper, "Aviso", which has
survived to this day, was published.
The development of journalism went hand in hand with the development of the
paper industry, and with the invention of typesetting font, its progress could no longer
be stopped. With each new stage, the distribution of news and other information
relevant to readers of those times became easier.
The invention of radio at the end of the 19th century, and television in the 20th
century, brought the development of journalism to a new level. Oral speech again
regained its somewhat lost positions and became in demand, as did the early speeches
of orators. With the advent of the Internet, the media sparkled with new colors.
Source: История журналистики Wiki, [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: Режим доступа
https://журналистика-обучение.рф/история-журналистики-с-чего-всё-начиналось?/
(дата обращения 30/06/2025).
TASK 3.
а) write an essay about the history of the development of journalism, using
the material you know;
b) prepare a presentation about the development of journalism in the world
64
Text 7
HISTORY OF RUSSIAN JOURNALISM. WHERE DID IT ALL BEGIN?
TASK 1. Express your opinion on the following (agree or disagree). Justify your
choice.
The art of writing is the art of abbreviation (A. Chekhov)
TASK 2. Read and translate the text.
History of Russian journalism. Where did it all begin?
On January 13, Russia celebrates Press Day every year.
The origins of the professional holiday of Russian journalists go back to the 18th
century. On January 13, 1703, the first issue of the Vedomosti newspaper was
published. The publication was founded by personal decree of Peter I. At that time,
no one used the word "newspaper", this term appeared many years later. Emperor
Peter I called it "chimes", it reported news about state affairs and events inside and
outside all of Rus'. It is curious that the emperor himself was the editor-in-chief of the
publication and its main reporter, he even translated articles from foreign
publications, which were then published in the Vedomosti newspaper.
Vedomosti resembled the modern press: the newspaper was printed in a
circulation of one to four thousand copies and sold for two kopecks. The first Russian
journalists were the authors of Vedomosti: publicist, writer and translator Fyodor
Polikarpov-Orlov, cabinet secretary of Peter I - Alexey Makarov, clerk Yakov
Sinyavich and translator Boris Volkov.
Journalism in the past was closely intertwined with journalism and literature.
Writers and scientists took part in the preparation of materials for magazines and
newspapers. The first steps of Mikhail Lomonosov as a journalist are associated with
the first Russian magazine "Notes". In 1741, he worked for this magazine as an
author and translator. He also collaborated with a magazine published in Latin. Then
Mikhail Vasilyevich worked as an editor of the "Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti" and
wrote the first theoretical work on the profession of a journalist. Nikolai Novikov,
who published the satirical magazines Truten, Pustomelya, and Zhivopisets, can also
be considered one of the first Russian journalists.
Journalism training in Russia began only at the beginning of the 20th century.
The first specialized courses were opened in 1905 at Moscow State University.
In January 1912, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, founded the daily newspaper
Pravda. The Communists took complete control of all media in 1917–1991. The main
national newspapers were Izvestia and Pravda.
Unshakable uniformity of opinion was the norm in Soviet times.
Radio did not go unnoticed — it became an important new technology and was
used for political speeches.
65
The Soviet style assumed that citizens listened to party leaders using personal
speeches, radio talks, or printed texts. There was little opportunity for a journalist to
summarize or interpret the text; there was no commentary or discussion. No one
questioned or criticized the management. There were no press conferences and very
little news on the air.
Foreign correspondents were strictly prohibited from entering, except for official
representatives.
All that changed in 1991. Publishers and journalists faced the urgent task of
finding and reporting accurate news and winning the trust of readers. In 2012, the
federal government owned all six national television channels, two radio networks,
two of the 14 national newspapers, and three out of five of the 45,000 local
newspapers and periodicals.
Source: Russian journalism Wiki, [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: Режим доступа
https://wikious.com/en/History_of_Russian_journalism (дата обращения 21/06/2025).
TASK 3. а) write an essay about the development of Russian journalism;
b) prepare a presentation about the most important moments in the history of
Russian journalism.
Text 8
FAMOUS RUSSIAN JOURNALISTS
TASK 1. How do you understand this quote? Express your opinion
Politicians care about a bright future, historians care about a bright past, and
journalists care about a bright present. (J. Petan)
TASK 2. Read and translate the text
Famous Russian journalists
Vladimir Pozner (Journalist, TV Personality), 1934
Vladimir Vladimirovich Pozner is a renowned journalist and
presenter known for representing and explaining Soviet views
during the Cold War. Growing up in the United States, he is fluent in
English, Russian, and French, which made him a notable
spokesperson for the Soviets. After the Cold War, Pozner worked in the US with Phil
Donahue before returning to Moscow to continue his career as a television journalist.
He hosted the show Pozner on Russia's Channel One from 2008 to 2022, where he
conducted interviews with public figures. He is the author of numerous non-fiction
books.
66
Valeriya Novodvorskaya ( Soviet Dissident, Writer and Liberal
Politician), 1950-2014
Valeriya Novodvorskaya was a prominent Russian and Soviet
dissident, writer, and liberal politician. She founded and chaired the
Democratic Union party, advocating for democracy and human
rights. Novodvorskaya was also a member of the editorial board of The New Times,
where she contributed to important discussions on political and social issues.
Throughout her professional life, she was known for her outspoken views and
unwavering commitment to promoting liberal values and challenging
authoritarianism in Russia.
Irina Khakamada (Journalist), 1955
Irina Mutsuovna Khakamada is a prominent Russian economist,
political activist, journalist, teacher, publicist, and politician known
for her contributions to Russian politics. She served as a member of
the State Duma for three terms and was vice-chair of the house.
Additionally, she co-chaired the political party Union of Right
Forces and ran for President of the Russian Federation in 2004. Khakamada has also
been recognized internationally, with Time naming her as a notable politician and
being nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.
Vladislav Listyev (Journalist), 1956-1995
Vladislav Listyev was a prominent journalist and media executive
in Russia. He made significant contributions to the field of
journalism as the head of the ORT TV Channel, which is now
known as Channel One. Listyev was known for his innovative
approach to television programming and his commitment to
providing high-quality content to viewers. He played a key role in shaping the media
landscape in Russia and his work continues to be remembered and celebrated in the
industry.
Anna Politkovskaya (Russian Journalist and Human Rights Activist), 1958-2006
Anna Politkovskaya was a Russian investigative journalist known
for her reporting on political and social events in Russia,
particularly the Second Chechen War. Despite facing intimidation
and violence, she persisted in covering the war for seven years. Her
articles on Chechnya were turned into books multiple times, with
her work mainly published in Novaya Gazeta. She received international recognition
for her investigative journalism and published a book,
"Putin's Russia," in 2004. Tragically, she was assassinated in 2006, sparking
international attention.
67
Artyom Borovik (Journalist), 1960-2000
Artyom Borovik was a prominent Russian investigative journalist
and media magnate, known for his impactful work in the field. He
followed in the footsteps of his father, a seasoned journalist, and
carved out his own successful career. Borovik's contributions to
journalism were highly regarded, and he gained a reputation for his
in-depth investigative reporting and commitment to uncovering the truth. Throughout
his professional life, he made significant strides in the media industry, leaving a
lasting legacy in Russian journalism.
Alexander Gordon (Journalist), 1964
Alexander Gordon is a prominent figure in Russian media, known
for his roles as a radio and television presenter, journalist, actor,
and director. He has made significant contributions to the industry
through his work on major channels such as "NTV" and "Channel
One." Currently, he serves as the host of the popular program
"Dok-Tok" on First Channel. Gordon's versatile talents and extensive experience
have solidified his reputation as a respected and influential figure in the Russian
media landscape.
Zakhar Prilepin (Journalist), 1975
Zakhar Prilepin, also known as Yevgeny Lavlinsky, is a prominent
Russian writer, politician, and paramilitary leader. Prilepin is wellknown for his literary works, political activism, and leadership
roles in various organizations. His career has been marked by a
combination of writing, political engagement, and military
leadership, making him a multifaceted and influential figure in Russian society.
Margarita Simonyan (Journalist), 1980
Margarita Simonyan is a prominent Russian media executive
known for her role as the editor-in-chief of the state-controlled
broadcaster RT and the state-owned media group Rossiya
Segodnya. She gained experience covering the Second Chechen
War and has held various positions in the media industry, including
working as a journalist, correspondent, and special correspondent for different news
programs. Simonyan has also served on the board of directors of Channel One Russia
and is a member of the Academy of Russian Television. Despite her professional
achievements, she has faced sanctions for her involvement in state propaganda
related to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Source: Famous Russian Journalists Broadcast-journalism Wiki, [Электронный ресурс]. – URL:
Режим доступа https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-journalists-from-Russia/reference (дата обращения
30/06/2025).
68
TASK 3.
a) Match the names of the journalists with the facts of their life
Vladimir Pozner
Margarita Simonyan
Alexander Gordon
Irina Khakamada
Zakhar Prilepin
Anna Politkovskaya
Valeriya Novodvorskaya
Artyom Borovik
Vladislav Listyev
fluent in English, Russian, and French,
investigative journalist,
published a book "Putin's Russia,
politician and paramilitary leader,
chaired the Democratic Union party,
the popular program "Dok-Tok",
a key role in shaping the media in Russia,
a member of the State Duma
covering the Second Chechen War,
b) prepare a more detailed presentation about one of the famous Russian
journalists.
Text 9
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT JOURNALISM
TASK 1. Express your opinion on the following (agree or disagree). Justify your
choice.
Journalism is the art of preparing information.
TASK 2. Read and translate the text.
Interesting Facts about Journalism
To know more about journalism, let’s take a look at these interesting facts about
journalism.
1. The term “journalist” was first coined in the 17th century to describe
someone who keeps a journal or writes for public news.
69
2. The first newspaper, “Acta Diurna,” was published in ancient Rome
around 59 BC, featuring announcements of political and social events.
3. The concept of the modern newspaper emerged in the 17th century, with
the “Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick” published in 1690 in
Boston, USA.
4. The New York Times, founded in 1851, is often referred to as the “Gray
Lady” due to its historical appearance and serious journalism.
5. “Yellow journalism” refers to sensationalized reporting and exaggerated
headlines to attract readers, often characterized by unethical practices.
6. The first Associated Press (AP) news wire was established in 1848 to
facilitate the sharing of news among newspapers.
7. The Pulitzer Prizes, established in 1917, recognize excellence in
journalism, literature, and musical composition.
8. Looking at the position of women in journalism, statistics reveal the field
has historically been something of a “boys club”. During the Pulitzer Prize’s first
century, 84% of winners were men.
9. “Sensationalism” is the practice of presenting news in an exaggerated
manner to elicit strong emotional reactions from readers or viewers.
Source: Some facts about Journalism Wiki, [Электронный ресурс]. – URL: Режим доступа
https://facts.net/culture-and-the-arts/mass-media/50-facts-about-journalism/ (дата обращения 30/06/2025).
TASK 3 Prepare a presentation about the facts from the history of journalism
that interest you most.
70
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]