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Файл:Введение в биомедицинскую инженерию. Учебное пособие
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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное
образовательное учреждение высшего образования
«Тамбовский государственный технический университет»
И. Е. Ильина, О. Н. Морозова
ВВЕДЕНИЕ В БИОМЕДИЦИНСКУЮ
ИНЖЕНЕРИЮ
INSIGHT INTO BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERINH
Утверждено Учёным советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия для студентов, бакалавров,
магистров и аспирантов, обучающихся по направлениям
медико-технической подготовки
Учебное электронное издание
комплексного распространения
Тамбов
Издательство ФГБОУ ВО «ТГТУ»
2017
1
УДК 6:378=111(075.8)
ББК Р.с5я73
И45
Рецензенты:
Кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры международной
профессиональной и научной коммуникации ФГБОУ ВО «ТГТУ»
Т. В. Мордовина
Доктор культурологии, профессор кафедры лингвистического
обеспечения бизнес-процессов ФГБОУ ВО «ТГУ им. Г. Р. Державина»
Т. Г. Бортникова
И45 Введение в биомедицинскую инженерию [Электронный ре-
Все права на размножение и распространение в любой форме остаются за разработчиком.
ISBN 978-5-8265-1701-7
2
Ильина, И. Е.
сурс] : учебное пособие / И. Е. Ильина, О. Н. Морозова. – Тамбов :
Изд-во ФГБОУ ВО «ТГТУ», 2017. – 1 электрон. опт. диск
(CD-ROM). – Системные требования : ПК не ниже класса Pentium II ;
8 Mb ; RAM ; Windows 95/98/XP ; мышь. –
CD-ROM-дисковод
с экрана.
Загл.
IS
BN 978-5-8265-1701-7
Рассматриваются современные проблемы и перспективы развития
основных направлений биомедицинской инженерии (БМИ): роль и значимость фундаментальных и прикладных медико-технических исследований и разработок, являющихся важными элементами развития
и повышения эффективности системы национального здравоохранения.
Приведены примеры применения современных достижений БМИ
в практической медицине, реабилитационной индустрии, медицине
критических состояний, человеко-машинных системах. Большое внимание у
наносистемы и бионанотехнологии, микро- и нанороботы, медицинские микросистемы, биологические волновые воздействия на организм
человека, неинвазивные методы диагностики.
тов, обучающихся по направлениям медико-технической подготовки,
а также специалистов, работающих в области биомедицинской техники.
д
елено таким инновационным направлениям БМИ, как био-
Предназначено для студентов, бакалавров, магистрантов и аспиран-
23,
УДК 6:378=111(075.8)
ББК Р.с5я73
Нелегальное копирование и использование данного продукта запрещено.
© Федеральное государственное бюджетное
образовательное учреждение высшего образования
«Тамбовский государственный технический
университет»(ФГБОУ ВО «ТГТУ»), 2017
В связи с необходимостью создания учебника нового типа,
органически и системно включающего в себя профессиональнонаправленные иллюстрированные тексты, а также специальные
задания, дополняющие и развивающие основную тему урока, мы
сочли возможным предложить свою концепцию построения
обучающих заданий. Она заключается в чёткой согласованности
предтекстовых, текстовых и послетекстовых заданий с основной
ВВЕДЕНИЕ (INTRODUCTION)
темой урока и постеп
пересказу, диалогу и составлению письменных документов через
систему логических, заданий.
Учебник состоит из восьми учебных блоков (Units) и рассчитан
на 144 ч аудиторных и 144 ч самостоятельных занятий (1 – 4 семестры
в неязыковых вузах).
Каждый блок посвящён определённой теме из области
биомедицинской инженерии, которая раскрывается с помощью
профессионально-направленных текстов, а также са
работ, дополняющих и развивающих эту тему. Это специально
разработанная система учебных заданий рецептивного (аккумулятивного), репродуктивного и продуктивного характера.
После каждого урока помещён англо-русский словарь (слова,
словосочетания и специальные термины).
Тексты призваны сформировать у студентов понятия о
биомедицинской инженерии и современных требованиях,
предъявляемых к выпускникам, которые в будущем, став
иалистами, будут развивать российскую биомедицинскую
спец
инженерию.
енном подведении студентов к переводу,
мостоятельных
3
U n i t 1
WHAT IS MEDICAL ENGINEERING?
Starting Point
1. Do you know what medical engineering is? What does
it encompass? What are the alternative names of this science?
Do you agree that medical engineering:
a) Is the study of how to use machines for treating diseased
people.
b) Is a subject integrating professional engineering activities with
a basic medical knowledge.
c) Studies the influence of technological progress on the medical
science.
2. Try to explain your reasons for studying medical
engineering.
Think of at least three main aspects in favor of choosing
medical engineering as a future profession.
3. Make a list of as many medical engineering specialties
as you know.
4
Reading
1. Read the first part of the text and put the appropriate
sentence in the beginning of each paragraph.
a) Medical Engineers are needed for the healthcare industry.
b) As a Medical Engineer you will have the opportunity to get
involved in a wide range of exciting projects.
c) Medical Engineering encompasses a broad range of activities,
and is alternatively called Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering.
d) The efforts of Medical Engineers benefit millions of people
every year.
e) Job prospects for Medical Engineers are excellent and varied.
f) And in the future, applications which today might seem
unrealistic are already being developed in research labs around the
world.
Part 1
What is Medical Engineering?
1. ___ It is a multi-disciplinary subject integrating professional
engineering activities with a basic medical knowledge of the human
body and an understanding of how it functions when healthy, diseased
or injured. Many of the advances in this field now seem commonplace –
hip replacements, pacemakers, medical imaging, life support systems
and medical lasers are just a few examples of the results of the work
of Medical Engineers.
2. ___ It is the world's biggest industrial sector, which has
a turnover approaching £100 billion per annum and is currently
expanding at a rate of 7% per annum. The opportunities for Medical
Engineering graduates are enormous and it is one of the few areas
of engineering that is expected to continue to grow for many years.
3. ___ They can be employed in companies working on the
design, development and manufacture of medical devices; in hospitals
working with clinical colleagues in providing non-clinical services;
in academic or governmental research facilities; and in government
regulatory agencies. They can also work as technical advisers for
marketing departments.
5
4. ___ Hip replacement surgery is now a very common operation,
which has brought renewed mobility and reduced pain to millions of
people worldwide. Despite its success, there is still a great deal of work
being undertaken to improve the performance of artificial hip joints still
further, and in particular to extend their lives so they can be used
in younger and more active patients. Indeed, replacement joints are now
available for most of the articulating joints of the human body. Artificial
limbs are also becoming increasingly sophisticated, and a bionic arm has
recently been supplied to a patient that has powered finger, wrist, elbow
and shoulder movement. Soon these limbs will be controlled directly by
muscle and tendon contacts.
5. ___ For example, an artificial retina chip has been developed
which can be implanted in the eye to replace a damage retina and partly
restore lost vision. You will know that it is already possible to restore
lost hearing, but electronic circuits are also under development to restore
the senses of smell and taste. Similarly, artificial tendons have already
been developed and approved for use in patients, and now materials are
being developed that respond to electrical currents and behave in a
similar way to human muscles.
6. ___ They allow healthcare providers to supply better care and
treatment to patients through the use of technology. So if you want to
follow a career that is dynamic, interesting, exciting and challenging,
can directly affect the quality of all our lives, has great employment
potential now and in the future, then consider a degree in Medical
Engineering.
Author: Dr M J Fagan, School of Engineering, University of Hull
http://www.science-engineering.net/medical_engineering.htm
6
2. Read the second part of the text about the subdisciplines
within Biomedical Engineering:
Part 2
BME Specialty Areas
1. In this field there is continual change and creation of new areas
due to rapid advancement in technology; however, some of the well
established specialty areas within the field of biomedical engineering
are: bioinstrumentation; biomaterials; biomechanics; cellular, tissue
and genetic engineering; clinical engineering; medical imaging;
orthopaedic surgery; rehabilitation engineering; and systems
physiology.
2. Bioinstrumentation is the application of electronics and
measurement techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis and
treatment of disease. Computers are an essential part of
bioinstrumentation, from the microprocessor in a single-purpose
instrument used to do a variety of small tasks to the microcomputer
needed to process the large amount of information in a mediсal imaging
system.
3. Biomaterials include both living tissue and artificial materials
used for implantation. Understanding the properties and behavior of
living material is vital in the design of implant materials. The selection
of an appropriate material to place in the human body may be one of the
most difficult tasks faced by the biomedical engineer. Certain metal
alloys, ceramics, polymers, and composites have been used as
implantable materials. Biomaterials must be nontoxic, non-carcinogenic,
chemically inert, stable, and mechanically strong enough to withstand
the repeated forces of a lifetime. Newer biomaterials even incorporate
living cells in order to provide a true biological and mechanical match
for the living tissue.
4. Biomechanics applies classical mechanics (statics, dynamics,
fluids, solids, thermodynamics, and continuum mechanics) to biological
or medical problems. It includes the study of motion, material
deformation, flow within the body and in devices, and transport of
7
chemical constituents across biological and synthetic media and
membranes. Progress in biomechanics has led to the development of the
artificial heart and heart valves, artificial joint replacements, as well as a
better understanding of the function of the heart and lung, blood vessels
and capillaries, and bone, cartilage, intervertebral discs, ligaments and
tendons of the musculoskeletal systems.
5. Cellular, Tissue and Genetic Engineering involve more recent
attempts to attack biomedical problems at the microscopic level.
These areas utilize the anatomy, biochemistry and mechanics of cellular
and sub-cellular structures in order to understand disease processes and
to be able to intervene at very specific sites. With these capabilities,
miniature devices deliver compounds that can stimulate or inhibit
cellular processes at precise target locations to promote healing or
inhibit disease formation and progression.
6. Clinical Engineering is the application of technology to health
care in hospitals. The clinical engineer is a member of the health care
team along with physicians, nurses and other hospital staff. Clinical
engineers are responsible for developing and maintaining computer
databases of medical instrumentation and equipment records and for the
purchase and use of sophisticated medical instruments. They may also
work with physicians to adapt instrumentation to the specific needs
of the physician and the hospital. This often involves the interface
of instruments with computer systems and customized software for
instrument control and data acquisition and analysis. Clinical engineers
are involved with the application of the latest technology to health care.
7. Medical Imaging combines knowledge of a unique physical
phenomenon (sound, radiation, magnetism, etc.) with high speed
electronic data processing, analysis and display to generate an image.
Often, these images can be obtained with minimal or completely
noninvasive procedures, making them less painful and more readily
repeatable than invasive techniques.
8. Orthopaedic Bioengineering is the specialty where methods of
engineering and computational mechanics have been applied for the
understanding of the function of bones, joints and muscles, and for the
design of artificial joint replacements. Orthopaedic bioengineers analyze
the friction, lubrication and wear characteristics of natural and artificial
8
joints; they perform stress analysis of the musculoskeletal system; and
they develop artificial biomaterials (biologic and synthetic) for
replacement of bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons, meniscus and
intervertebral discs. They often perform gait and motion analyses for
sports performance and patient outcome following surgical procedures.
Orthopaedic bioengineers also pursue fundamental studies on cellular
function, and mechano-signal transduction.
9. Rehabilitation Engineering is a growing specialty area of
biomedical engineering. Rehabilitation engineers enhance the
capabilities and improve the quality of life for individuals with physical
and cognitive impairments. They are involved in prosthetics, the
development of home, workplace and transportation modifications and
the design of assistive technology that enhance seating and positioning,
mobility, and communication. Rehabilitation engineers are also
developing hardware and software computer adaptations and cognitive
aids to assist people with cognitive difficulties.
10. Systems Physiology is the term used to describe that aspect of
biomedical engineering in which engineering strategies, techniques and
tools are used to gain a comprehensive and integrated understanding of
the function of living organisms ranging from bacteria to humans.
Computer modeling is used in the analysis of experimental data and in
formulating mathematical descriptions of physiological events.
In research, predictor models are used in designing new experiments to
refine our knowledge. Living systems have highly regulated feedback
control systems that can be examined with state-of-the-art techniques.
Examples are the biochemistry of metabolism and the control of limb
movements.
3. Scan the text and write the number of the paragraph where
you can find the information including:
a) the properties and behavior of living material
b) miniature devices
c) minimal or completely noninvasive procedures
d) the application of electronics and measurement techniques
e) feedback control systems
f) progress in biomechanics
g) physical and cognitive impairments
9
h) well established specialty areas
i) stress analysis of the musculoskeletal system
j) the interface of instruments with computer systems
Comprehension check
1. Match the following words with their translations:
1) healthcare industry a) невероятные способы применения
2) Biomedical
b) исследовательские лаборатории
Engineering
3) unrealistic
c) чип искусственной сетчатки глаза
applications
4) exciting projects d) стимуляторы сердечной мышцы
5) research labs e) оборудование для поддержания
жизнедеятельности
6) a multi-disciplinary
f) биомедицинская инженерия
subject
7) an artificial retina chip g) медицинские службы
8) diseased or injured
h) департаменты управления
body
9) artificial hip joints i) операции по замене бедра
10) pacemakers j) медицинская промышленность
11) medical imaging k) контакты, управляющие мускулами
и сухожилиями
12) life support systems l) электронные схемы
13) healthcare providers m) организм, подвергшийся
заболеванию или травме
14) enormous
opportunities
15) government
regulatory agencies
10
n) механическая рука
o) диагностическая визуализация
(мед. интроскопия)
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