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Файл:Введение в биомедицинскую инженерию. Учебное пособие
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mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as
isoflurane), and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure and flow.
Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and patientmonitoring devices.
1) применение, введение
анестезии
2) наркозный аппарат
постоянного потока
3) медицинский газ
4) испарение наркозного
средства
5) аспиратор
6) устройства контроля за
пациентом
(2) Components of a typical machine
A modern machine typically includes the following components:
− connections to piped hospital oxygen, medical air, and nitrous
oxide. Pipeline pressure from the hospital medical gas system (wall
outlet) should be around 400 kPa (60 psi; 4 atmospheres).
− reserve gas cylinders of oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide attached
via a specific yoke with a Bodok seal. Many newer machines only have
oxygen reserve cylinders. The regulators for the cylinders are set at
300 kPa (45 psi; 3 atmospheres). If the cylinders are left on and the
machine is plugged into the wall outlet, gas from the wall supply will be
used preferentially, since it is at a higher pressure. In situations where
pipeline gases are not available, machines may safely be used from
cylinders alone, provided fresh cylinders are available.
− a high-flow oxygen flush which provides pure oxygen at
30 litres/minute.
− pressure gauges and regulators to protect the machine
components and patient from high-pressure gases.
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− flow meters («rotameters») for oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide,
which are used by the anaesthetist to provide accurate mixtures of
medical gases to the patient. Flow meters are typically pneumatic, but
increasingly electromagnetic digital flow meters are being used.
− one or more vaporizers to accurately add volatile anaesthetics to
the fresh gas flow.
− a ventilator.
− an anaesthetic monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate, ECG,
blood pressure and oxygen saturation (additional monitors are generally
available to monitor temperature, arterial blood pressure, central venous
pressure, depth of anaesthesia, etc.).
− devices to monitor the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide
(capnograph), and volatile anaesthetic agents delivered to the patient
(and breathed out).
− a breathing attachment, most commonly a circle system.
− a scavenging system to remove expired anaesthetic gases from
the operating room. Scavenged gases are usually vented to the
atmosphere.
− suction apparatus.
There is generally a small work bench built into the machine where
airway management equipment is kept within ready reach of the
anaesthetist.
1) давление в газопроводящих
шлангах
2) система подачи медицинского
газа (настенная разводка)
3) анестезиологические баллоны
с газами
4) уплотнитель (уплотнитель
Бодока)
5) расходомер (прибор для
измерения текучести жидкости и
газов)
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6) высокая концентрация
кислорода
7) измерители давления
8) испарители
9) газовый поток
10) анестезиологический
кардиомонитор
11) сердечный ритм
12) ЭКГ – электрокардиограмма
13) кровяное давление
14) насыщение кислородом
15) центральное венозное давление
16) глубина наркоза
17) дыхательный контур
18) система очистки
19) аспиратор
20) оборудование для поддержания
проходимости дыхательных путей
10. Read the text once again and translate it
Vocabulary
11. Find pairs of synonyms
1) allow a) practice
2) surgery b) harmless
3) experience c) vaporize
4) specialty d) quickness
5) general e) entirely
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6) safe f) precise
7) beforehand g) let
8) completely h) total
9) evaporate i) in advance
10) rapidity j) facilities
11) accurate k) operation
12) equipment l) profession
12. Find pairs of antonyms
1) safe a) cause pain
2) temporally b) exclude
3) distress c) accompanied by
4) general d) partially
5) include e) dangerous/harmful
6) painful f) particular
7) alone g) permanently
8) reduce h) increase
9) relieve pain i) strain/stress
10) entirely j) painless
Discussion points
13. Imaging the following situation: one of you is an engineer
and the other is a customer. You are going to discuss the detail of
the anaesthetic machine which the engineer has to develop. Make up
a dialogue. Pay attention to all phases of the discussed subject.
14. Look through the texts from Unit 3 once again. Sum up the
information given in them and prepare a story describing
anaesthesia. Don’t forget to mention all the aspects including the
purposes, types, means and equipment.
Video
44
U n i t 4
X-RAY. WHAT IS IT?
Starting Point
1. Do you know what X-radiation is? In which scientific fields
can X-rays be used? X-rays are dangerous, aren’t they? Why do
you think so?
Do you agree that:
a) X-rays are used for diagnose diseases;
b) X-rays are the safest method of investigation:
c) Scientists develop improved investigative methods to diagnose
disorders
2. What do you know about X-rays history?
Try to call at least three scientists’ names, dealing with
X-radiation.
3. Make a list of as many X-ray investigations you know
45
Reading
Read the text given below and put the appropriate word-
combination in each paragraph. One word-combination is extra.
a) a specialized field of medicine;
b) for his discovery;
c) diagnostic tests;
d) Roentgen radiation after;
e) with the potential hazards;
f) diagnostic radiography;
g) X-rays are less useful;
h) Lenard and Crookes tubes;
i) soft tissue;
j) a picture of his wife’s hand.
X-ray. What is it?
X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic
radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to
16
30 exahertz (3×10
Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV
to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays. In many
languages, X-radiation is called ____________ after Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen, who is generally credited as their discoverer, and who had
called them X-rays to signify an unknown type of radiation.
On November 8, 1895, German physics professor Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen stumbled on X-rays while experimenting with _____________
and began studying them. He wrote an initial report «On a new kind of
ray: A preliminary communication» and on December 28, 1895
submitted it to the Würzburg’s Physical-Medical Society journal. This
was the first paper written on X-rays. Röntgen referred to the radiation
as «X», to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation. The name
stuck, although (over Röntgen’s great objections) many of his colleagues
suggested calling them Röntgen rays. They are still referred to as such in
46
many languages, including German. Röntgen received the first Nobel
Prize in Physics ________________.
Röntgen discovered its medical use when he saw ______________
on a photographic plate formed due to X-rays. His wife's hand's
photograph was the first ever photograph of a human body part using
X-rays.
X-rays are primarily used for ______________________ and
crystallography. As a result, the term X-ray is metonymically used to
refer to a radiographic image produced using this method, in addition to
the method itself. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and as such
can be dangerous.
Since Röntgen's discovery that X-rays can identify bony structures,
X-rays have been developed for their use in medical imaging. Radiology
is a ______________________. Radiologists employ radiography and
other techniques for diagnostic imaging. This is probably the most
common use of X-ray technology.
X-rays are especially useful in the detection of pathology of the
skeletal system, but are also useful for detecting some disease processes
____________. Some notable examples are the very common chest
X-ray, which can be used to identify lung diseases such as pneumonia,
lung cancer or pulmonary edema, and the abdominal X-ray, which can
detect intestinal obstruction, free air and free fluid. X-rays may also be
used to detect pathology such as gallstones (which are rarely
radiopaque) or kidney stones (which are often visible, but not always).
Traditional plain ______________ in the imaging of soft tissues such as
the brain or muscle. Imaging alternatives for soft tissues are computed
axial tomography (CAT or CT scanning), magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) or ultrasound. The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as
radiotherapy and is largely used for the management (including
palliation) of cancer; it requires higher radiation energies than for
imaging alone.
X-rays are a relatively safe method of investigation and the
radiation exposure is low. But in pregnant patients, the benefits of the
investigation (X-ray) should be balanced _____________ to the unborn
fetus.
47
Complete the sentences using the text:
1. X-rays have a wavelength…
2. X-radiation is called…
3. Roentgen discovered medical use of X-rays when…
4. X-rays are used for…
5. X-rays are a form of…
6. Radiologists employ…for…
7. X-rays may be used to…
8. Radiotherapy is…
Comprehension check
1. Match the following words with their translations
1) wavelength a) ультразвук
2) discoverer b) мягкие ткани
3) type of radiation c) открыватель
4) to indicate d) патология
5) medical use e) плод
6) due to X-rays f) определять
7) method g) диагностика
8) diagnostic imaging h) рак лёгких
9) pathology
i) благодаря рентгеновскому
излучению
10) lung cancer j) медицинское использование
11) soft tissue k) метод
12) computed tomography l) тип радиации
13) ultrasound m) компьютерная томография
14) radiotherapy n) радиотерапия
15) fetus o) длина волн
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2. Answer the following questions according to the
information given in the text:
1. What is X-radiation?
2. Who is X-rays’ discoverer?
3. When did W. C. Roentgen discover X-rays?
4. W. C. Roentgen is an Italian scientist, isn’t he?
5. Where did W. C. Roentgen write about his discovery for the
first time?
6. What did the scientist receive for his discovery?
7. When did W. C. Roentgen use X-rays for medical purpose?
8. What is the most common use of X-ray technology?
9. Why are X-rays useful for medicine?
10. What is radiotherapy?
Vocabulary
1. Choose the only true variant:
1. X-rays is a form of…
a) biomedical engineering
b) electromagnetic radiation
c) crystallography
2. W. C. Roentgen discovered X-rays while experimenting with
a) metal plates
b) cylindrical magnets
c) tubes
3. W. C. Roentgen discovered medical use of X-rays when he saw
a picture of his wife’s
a) leg
b) heel bone
c) hand
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4. X-rays can be
a) dangerous
b) well-known
c) useless
5) Radiology is a specialized field of
a) biology
c) medicine
d) physics
6. W. C. Roentgen received Nobel Prize in
a) medicine
b) physics
c) chemistry
2. Look through the text and find the appropriate variant in
the text
1) диапазон, 2) частота, 3) временное облегчение боли,
4) подвергание риску, 5) утробный плод, 6) тело человека, 7) мозг,
8) рентгенотерапия, 9) компьютерная томография, 10) потенциальный риск.
3. Match the word with their synonyms:
1) x-rays a) disorder
2) report b) area
3) photograph c) scientist
4) method d) research
5) disease e) unsafe
6) investigation f) discover
7) dangerous g) technology
8) investigator h) x-radiation
9) stumble i) scientific article
10) field j) picture
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