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Файл:Введение в биомедицинскую инженерию. Учебное пособие
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16) technical advisers p) огромные возможности
17) hip replacement
q) захватывающие проекты
surgery
18) a bionic arm
r) предмет, включающий разные
дисциплины
19) muscle and tendon
s) технические советники
contacts
20) electronic circuits
t) искусственные тазобедренные
суставы
2. Answer the following questions according to the
information given in the text:
1. What is Medical Engineering?
2. What are the job prospects for Medical Engineers?
3. What kind of operation has brought renewed mobility and
reduced pain to millions of people worldwide?
4. What applications which today might seem unrealistic,
are already being developed in research labs around the world?
5. Why is it typical for a biomedical engineer to focus on a
particular subfield or group of related subfields?
6. What are the well established specialty areas within BME?
7. How do the specialty areas within BME depend on each other?
8. What is one of the most difficult tasks faced by the biomedical
engineer?
9. What areas of classical mechanics does biomechanics apply to
medical problems?
10. What are clinical engineers responsible for?
11. What is medical imaging?
12. What are the artificial biologic and synthetic biomaterials
used for?
13. What sort of patients do the rehabilitation engineers work
with?
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14. In what aspect of biomedical engineering the engineering
strategies, techniques and tools are used to gain a comprehensive
understanding of the function of living organisms?
15. Where and what for are the predictor models used?
3. Complete the sentences using the following information:
Biomedical engineering is a highly interdisciplinary field,
influenced by (and overlapping with) various other engineering and
medical fields. Sometimes, disciplines within BME are classified by
their association(s) with other, more established engineering fields,
which can include:
Chemical engineering – often associated with biochemical,
cellular, molecular and tissue engineering, biomaterials, and
biotransport.
Electrical engineering – often associated with bioelectrical and
neural engineering, bioinstrumentation, biomedical imaging, and
medical devices.
Optics and Optical engineering – biomedical optics, imaging and
related medical devices.
Mechanical engineering – often associated with biomechanics,
biotransport, medical devices, and modeling of biological systems.
Biotechnology more typically denotes specific products which
utilize «biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof.»
Some complex «medical devices» can reasonably be deemed
«biotechnology» depending on the degree to which such elements are
central to their principal of operation. Biologics/Biopharmaceuticals
(e.g., vaccines, stored blood product), genetic engineering, and various
agricultural applications are some major classes of biotechnology.
1. Biomedical engineering is influenced by …
2. Disciplines within BME are classified by …
3. Chemical engineering is associated with …
5. Electrical engineering is associated with …
6. Optics and Optical engineering is associated with …
7. Mechanical engineering is associated with …
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8. Biotechnology typically denotes …
9. Some «medical devices» can be deemed «biotechnology»
depending on …
10. Biologics/Biopharmaceuticals are some major classes of …
4. Match the terms and abbreviations with their definitions:
1) BME a) is the term that applies to the direct
manipulation of an organism's genes
2) Tissue Engineering b) is very much a hybrid of
biomedical engineering and chemical
engineering
3) Genetic engineering c) electroencephalograph
4) Pharmaceutical
Engineering
d) is the branch of biomedical
engineering dealing with the actual
implementation of medical
equipment and technologies in
hospitals or other clinical settings
5) Medical devices and
e) magnetic resonance imaging
medical equipment
6) Medical/Biomedical
Imaging
f) is an extremely broad category
covering all healthcare products that
do not achieve their intended results
through chemical or biological
means, and do not involve
metabolism
7) Clinical engineering g) is a major segment of
Biotechnology which deals
with creating artificial organs
(via biological material) for patients
that need organ transplants
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8) MRI
h) is a segment of Medical Devices
dealing with enabling clinicians to
directly or indirectly «view» things
not visible in plain sight. This can
involve utilizing ultrasound,
magnetism, UV, and other means
9) EEG
i) is a multi-disciplinary subject
integrating professional engineering
activities with a basic medical
knowledge of the human body and
an understanding of how it functions
when healthy, diseased or injured
Vocabulary
1. Fill in the blanks using the words from the list:
Biomedical engineering
Biomedical engineering (BME) is the 1) _____ of engineering
principles and techniques to the medical field. It 2) _____ the design and
problem solving skills of engineering with medical and 3) _____
sciences to improve healthcare 4) _____ and treatment.
Biomedical engineering has only recently emerged as its own
5) _____, compared to many other engineering fields; such an 6) _____
is common as a new field transitions from being an 7) ______
specialization among already-established fields, to being considered a
field in itself.
Much of the work in biomedical engineering consists of 8) _____,
spanning a broad array of subfields. Prominent biomedical engineering
applications include the development of biocompatible prostheses,
various diagnostic and 9) _____ medical devices ranging from clinical
equipment to micro-implants, common imaging equipment such as
MRIs and EEGs, 10)_____ such as regenerative tissue growth, and
pharmaceutical drugs and biopharmaceuticals.
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a) research and development, b) discipline, c) biological,
d) interdisciplinary, e) evolution, f) therapeutic, g) combines, h) application,
i) diagnosis, j) biotechnologies)
2. Look through the first part of the text to find the words
which mean the same:
paragraph 1
1) the profession of applying scientific principles to the design,
construction, and maintenance of engines, cars, machines, etc
2) hurt or wounded
paragraph 2
3) a part or subdivision
4) a person who has been awarded a first degree from a university
or college
paragraph 3
5) the structure or form of (something)
6) a person who advises
paragraph 4
7) the act or process of replacing
8) produced by man; not occurring naturally
paragraph 5
9) the act or manner of perceiving with the eye
10) a cord or band of white inelastic collagenous tissue that
attaches a muscle to a bone or some other part
paragraph 6
11) the application of practical sciences to industry or commerce
12) a path or progress through life or history
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3. Match the words with their synonyms:
1) opportunity a) operation
2) imaging b) specific
3) device c) getting ready
4) surgery d) a favourable circumstance
5) circuit e) wanted
6) treatment f) reproduction
7) particular g) medicine
8) widespread h) complete course
9) preparation i) tool
10) desirable j) extending
4. Match the words with their antonyms:
1) knowledge a) doctor
2) development b) health hazard
3) mobility c) in visible
4) patient d) degradation
5) healthcare e) complex
6) visible f) fixity
7) plain g) external
8) artificial h) concise
9) extensive i) ignorance
10) internal j) natural
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Discussion Point
1. Comment on the essence of a Biomedical Engineer’s work.
Define the main aspects of this profession using the details described
below. Choose the capacity you suppose the most interesting and
ground your choice.
What is a Biomedical Engineer?
A Biomedical Engineer uses traditional engineering expertise to
analyze and solve problems in biology and medicine, providing an
overall enhancement of health care. Students choose the biomedical
engineering field to be of service to people, to partake of the excitement
of working with living systems, and to apply advanced technology to the
complex problems of medical care. The biomedical engineer works with
other health care professionals including physicians, nurses, therapists
and technicians. Biomedical engineers may be called upon in a wide
range of capacities: to design instruments, devices, and software, to
bring together knowledge from many technical sources to develop new
procedures, or to conduct research needed to solve clinical problems.
2. Match the BME specific activities with the examples of
application given below and discuss the correspondence of the
following activities with certain medical areas.
Work done by biomedical engineers may include a wide range of
activities such as:
• Artificial organs
• Automated patient monitoring
• Blood chemistry sensors
• Advanced therapeutic and surgical devices
• Application of expert systems and artificial intelligence to
clinical decision making
• Design of optimal clinical lab oratories
• Medical imaging systems
• Computer modeling of physiologic systems
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• Biomaterials design
• Biomechanics of injury and wound healing
• Sports medicine
1 computerized analyzer for blood samples, cardiac
catheterization laboratory, etc.
2) computer- based systems for diagnosing diseases
3) blood pressure control, renal function, visual and auditory
nervous circuits
4) hearing aids, cardiac pacemakers, artificial kidneys and hearts,
blood oxygenators, synthetic blood vessels, joints, arms, and legs
5) used during surgery or in intensive care, healthy persons in
unusual environments, such as astronauts in space or underwater divers
at great depth
6) rehabilitation, external support devices
7) mechanical, transport and biocompatibility properties of
implantable artificial materials
8) laser system for eye surgery, automated delivery of insulin, etc.
9) gait analysis, application of growth factors
10) ultrasound, computer assisted tomography, magnetic resonance
imaging, positron emission tomography
11) potassium, sodium, 02, C02, and pH estimating
3. Video
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U n i t 2
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION
Starting point
1. Why do you think students choose the biomedical engineering
field to get education in?
2. What skills should a person have to master this new discipline?
Reading
1. Put the missed sentences into the correct places in the text.
Biomedical Engineering Education
1. The biomedical engineering student should first plan to become
a good engineer who then acquires a working understanding of the life
sciences and terminology. __________
2. High school preparation for biomedical engineering is the same
as that for any other engineering discipline, except that life science
course work should also be included. If possible, Advanced Placement
courses in these areas would be helpful. At the college level, the student
usually selects engineering as a field of study, then chooses a discipline
concentration within engineering. _______. As career plans develop, the
student should seek advice on the degree of specialization and the
educational levels appropriate to his or her goals and interests.
3. Biomedical engineers require considerable knowledge of both
engineering and biology, and typically have a Masters or a Doctoral
degree in BME or another branch of engineering with considerable
potential for BME overlap. As interest in BME is increasing, many
engineering colleges now do have a Biomedical Engineering
Department or Program, with offerings ranging from the undergraduate
to the doctoral levels. Graduate education is a particularly important
aspect in BME. ____________. Since most BME-related professions
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involve scientific research, such as in pharmaceutical and medical
device development, graduate education is highly desirable (as
undergraduate degrees typically do not involve sufficient research
training and experience). This can be either a Masters or Doctoral level
degree; while in certain specialties a Ph.D. is notably more common
than in others, it is hardly ever the majority (except in academia).
In fact, the perceived need for some kind of graduate credential is so
strong that some undergraduate BME programs will actively discourage
students from majoring in BME without an expressed intention to also
obtain a masters degree or apply to medical school afterwards.
4. Graduate programs in BME, like in other scientific fields, are
highly varied, and particular programs may emphasize certain aspects
within the field. ____________. M. S. and Ph. D. programs will
typically require applicants to have an undergraduate degree in BME,
or another engineering discipline (plus certain life science coursework),
or life science (plus certain engineering coursework).
5. Education in BME also varies greatly around the world.
By virtue of its extensive biotechnology sector, its numerous major
universities, and relatively few internal barriers, the U.S. has progressed
a great deal in its development of BME education and training
opportunities. Europe, which also has a large biotechnology sector and
an impressive education system, has encountered trouble in creating
uniform standards as the European community attempts to supplant
some of the national jurisdictional barriers that still exist.
____________. Other countries, such as Australia, are recognizing and
moving to correct deficiencies in their BME education. Also, as high
technology endeavors are usually marks of developed nations, some
areas of the world are prone to slower development in education,
including in BME.
6. When entering the job market, the graduate should be able to
point to well defined engineering skills for application to the biomedical
field, with some project or in-the-field experience in biomedical
engineering.
7. ___________. Prominent biomedical engineering applications
include the development of biocompatible prostheses, various diagnostic
and therapeutic medical devices ranging from clinical equipment to
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