Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Введение в биомедицинскую инженерию. Учебное пособие
.pdf
pipeline gases are not available, machines may safely be used from
cylinders alone, provided fresh cylinders are available.
− a high-flow oxygen flush which provides pure oxygen at
30 litres/minute.
− pressure gauges and regulators to protect the machine
components and patient from high-pressure gases.
− flow meters («rotameters») for oxygen, air, and nitrous oxide,
which are used by the anaesthetist to provide accurate mixtures of
medical gases to the patient. Flow meters are typically pneumatic, but
increasingly electromagnetic digital flow meters are being used.
− one or more vaporizers to accurately add volatile anaesthetics to
the fresh gas flow.
− a ventilator.
− an anaesthetic monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate, ECG,
blood pressure and oxygen saturation (additional monitors are generally
available to monitor temperature, arterial blood pressure, central venous
pressure, depth of anaesthesia, etc.).
− devices to monitor the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide
(capnograph), and volatile anaesthetic agents delivered to the patient
(and breathed out).
− a breathing attachment, most commonly a circle system.
− a scavenging system to remove expired anaesthetic gases from
the operating room. Scavenged gases are usually vented to the
atmosphere.
− suction apparatus.
There is generally a small work bench built into the machine where
airway management equipment is kept within ready reach of the
anaesthetist.
1) давление в газопроводящих
шлангах
2) система подачи медицинского
газа (настенная разводка)
81
3) анестезиологические баллоны с
газами
4) уплотнитель (уплотнитель
Бодока)
5) расходомер (прибор для
измерения текучести жидкости и
газов)
6) высокая концентрация кислорода
7) измерители давления
8) испарители
9) газовый поток
10) анестезиологический
кардиомонитор
11) сердечный ритм
12) ЭКГ – электрокардиограмма
13) кровяное давление
14) насыщение кислородом
15) центральное венозное давление
16) глубина наркоза
17) дыхательный контур
18) система очистки
19) аспиратор
20) оборудование для поддержания
проходимости дыхательных путей
9. Read the text once again and translate it
Vocabulary
82
10. Find pairs of synonyms
1) allow a) practice
2) surgery b) harmless
3) experience c) vaporize
4) specialty d) quickness
5) general e) entirely
6) safe f) precise
7) beforehand g) let
8) completely h) total
9) evaporate i) in advance
10) rapidity j) facilities
11) accurate k) operation
12) equipment l) profession
11. Find pairs of antonyms
1) safe a) cause pain
2) temporally b) exclude
3) distress c) accompanied by
4) general d) partially
5) include e) dangerous/harmful
6) painful f) particular
7) alone g) permanently
8) reduce h) increase
9) relieve pain i) strain/stress
10) entirely j) painless
83
Discussion points
12. Imaging the following situation: one of you is an engineer
and the other is a customer. You are going to discuss the detail of
the anaesthetic machine which the engineer has to develop. Make up
a dialogue. Pay attention to all phases of the discussed subject.
13. Look through the texts from Unit 3 once again. Sum up the
information given in them and prepare a story describing
anaesthesia. Don’t forget to mention all the aspects including the
purposes, types, means and equipment
84
U n i t 7
DENTISTRY
Starting Point
1. Do you know what dentistry is? Can you prove the
importance of dentistry for complete overall health? What other
people aiding in oral health service do you know?
Do you agree that dentistry:
a) is the study of oral hygiene.
b) deals only with patients with congenital abnormalities (such as
cleft palates and hypodontia).
c) is the branch of medicine which deals with the study and
practice of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the
mouth, the maxilla, and the face.
2. What is your attitude to dentists and their work? Try to
recall at least three different dental specialties. What are their
concerns?
3. Make a list of as many dental instruments as you know.
85
Reading
1. Read the text and find the appropriate heading for each
paragraph.
Dentistry
1. Dentistry is the known evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and
treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the soft and hard
tissues of the jaw (mandible), the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and the
adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human body.
Dentistry is widely considered necessary for complete overall health.
Those in the practice of dentistry are known as dentists. Other people
aiding in oral health service include dental assistants, dental hygienists,
dental technicians, and dental therapists.
2. Dentistry is the branch of medicine which deals with the study
and practice of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases of the
mouth, the maxilla, and the face. It usually encompasses very important
practices related to the oral cavity. The most common treatments
involve the dental surgery on the teeth as a treatment for dental caries.
Decayed teeth can be filled with dental amalgam, dental composite,
dental porcelain and precious or non-precious metals. Oral and
maxillofacial surgery is a more specialized form of dental surgery.
3. Dentists can prescribe medication, radiographs (x-rays), and
devices for home or in-office use. Many oral diseases and abnormalities
can indicate systemic, neural, or other diseases. Most general
practitioners of dentistry perform restorative, prosthetic, endodontic
therapy, periodontal therapy, and exodontia, as well as performing
examinations. Many general practitioners are comfortable treating
complex cases, as well as placing implants and extracting third molars
(wisdom teeth). Dentists also encourage prevention of dental caries
through proper hygiene (tooth brushing and flossing), fluoride, and tooth
polishing, although excessive brushing can cause damage to the gums.
Dental sealants are plastic materials applied to one or more teeth, for the
86
intended purpose of preventing dental caries (cavities) or other forms of
tooth decay.
4. In addition to general dentistry, there are about 9 recognized
dental specialties in the US, Canada, and Australia:
– Dental public health (study of dental epidemiology and social
health policies),
– Endodontics (root canal therapy and study of diseases of the
dental pulp),
– Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (study, diagnosis, and
sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases),
– Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (study and radiologic
interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases),
– Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (extractions, implants, and
facial surgery),
– Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics (straightening of
teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth),
– Periodontics (study and treatment of diseases of the
periodontium (non-surgical and surgical), and placement and
maintenance of dental implants),
– Pediatric dentistry (i.e. dentistry for children, formerly known
as «pedodontics»),
– Prosthodontics (dentures, bridges and the restoration of
implants. Some prosthodontists further their training in «oral and
maxillofacial prosthodontics»--a discipline concerned with the
replacement of missing facial structures—such as ears, eyes, nose, etc.)
5. All dentists must achieve a certain degree of skill in various
disciplines in order to graduate from dental school and become an
accredited dentist. To become a specialist requires one to train in a
residency or advanced graduate training program. Once residency is
completed, the doctor is granted a certificate of specialty training. Many
specialty programs have optional or required advanced degrees such as a
masters’ degree, doctoral degree, or medical degree. The American
Board of Dental Medicine provides board-certification examinations
annually for qualified dentists.
87
a) Oral diseases and their treatment.
b) Training and examinations
c) Dentistry and dentists.
d) Official specialties
e) The main concern of dentistry.
2. Read the text for the second time and find the information
about:
1) the most common treatments
2) dental sealants
3) prevention of dental caries
4) pediatric dentistry
5) people aiding in oral health service
Comprehension check
1. Match the following words with their translations:
1) evaluation a) челюстно-лицевая область
2) prevention b) кариес
3) maxillofacial area
c) квалификационные
испытания
4) maxilla d) имплантант
5) dental surgery
e) последипломная больничная
подготовка
6) caries f) зуб мудрости
7) decayed teeth g) пломбировочный материал
8) radiograph
h) политика оздоровления
общества
9) implant i) профилактика
10) third molar j) лечение зубных каналов
11) tooth brushing and flossing k) реставрация
88
12) dental sealant l) стоматологическая хирургия
13) social health policy m) удаление зубов
14) root canal therapy n) оценка
15) extraction o) рентгеновский снимок
16) periodontium p) испортившиеся зубы
17) restoration
q) аккредитованный
стоматолог
18) an accredited dentist
r) чистка зубов щёткой и
нитью
19) residency s) верхняя челюсть
20) board-certification
examinations
t) периодонт, корневая
оболочка
2. Answer the following questions according to the
information given in the text:
1. What is dentistry?
2. How is dentistry considered?
3. What does dentistry as the branch of medicine deal with?
4. What materials are used to fill the decayed teeth?
5. What is dental surgery? What specialized form of dental
surgery do you know?
6. What are the usual concerns of a dentist?
7. What are the dental sealants? For what purpose are they applied
to one or more teeth?
8. Are there any dental specialties in addition to general dentistry?
What are they?
9. What must all dentists do to graduate from dental school and
become an accredited dentist?
10. What are the main degrees offered by training programs?
3. Look through the list of dental specialties and match them
with their definitions:
A. Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics
89
B. Oral Biology
C. Veterinary dentistry
D. Special needs dentistry
E. Forensic odontology
F. Dental anesthesiology
G. Aviation dentistry
1. _____ is the study of how to relieve pain through advanced use
of local and general anesthesia techniques is not yet considered to be
one of the recognized dental specialties.
2. _____ is dentistry for those with developmental and acquired
disabilities.
3. _____ is the research in Dental and Craniofacial Biology.
4. _____ consists of the gathering and use of dental evidence in
law. This may be performed by any dentist with experience or training
in this field. The function of the forensic dentist is primarily
documentation and verification of identity.
5. _____ is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving the
diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal
ageing and age-related diseases as part of an interdisciplinary team with
other health care professionals.
6. _____ is the field of dentistry applied to the care of animals.
7. _____ is a subcategory of (military) aviation medicine deals
with dental topics related to aircrews, e.g., dental barotrauma (an injury
caused by changes in atmospheric pressure). In addition, the aircrew
population is a unique high-risk group to several diseases and harmful
conditions due to irregular work shifts with irregular self-oral care habits
and irregular meals (usually carbonated drinks and high energy snacks)
and work-related stress.
4. Complete the sentence with one of the alternatives:
1. ___________ is the study of dental epidemiology and social
health policies.
• Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
• Dental public health
90
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]