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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов кандидатский экзамен. Учебное пособие
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8. Are there any other cases of incorrect or improper abstract
writing?
9. How do you assess the present abstract?
Exercise 8.2. Try to rewrite the sentences in the abstract
according to the rules.
Exercise 9. Read the extracts from scientific abstracts. Decide
which one corresponds to the article BIM in Bridge Construction.
Why? Give your opinion in each part.
1. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a transformative
technology driving digital innovation in the construction industry.
Beyond a 3D design tool, BIM serves as a comprehensive data integration platform that facilitates seamless collaboration among stakeholders throughout the entire project lifecycle – from design and con-
struction to operation. This article provides an overview of BIM, exploring its applications, benefits, challenges, and future development
trends. Currently, BIM is extensively utilized in architecture, civil
engineering, MEP (mechanical, electrical, and plumbing), and infrastructure management…
2. In this review, we discuss the basic issues related to the use
of FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) composites in bridge construction.
This modern material is presented in detail in terms of the possibility
of application in engineering structures. A general historical outline
of the use and development of modern structural materials, such as
steel and concrete, is included to introduce composites as a novel material in engineering, and the most important features and advantages
of polymers as a construction material are characterized.
3. Building information modeling (BIM) is a new technology
in bridge construction industry. 3D models can provide perfect numerical expression of drawings from design results. 3D information
models for bridge structures improve design quality in terms of accurate drawings, constructability and collaboration. However, there are
lots of obstacles to apply these techniques to actual bridge projects.
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In this paper, extensible information schema for bridges is proposed
to enable interoperability between different design and construction
processes. From the planning stage of a bridge construction project
to the construction stage, the proposed bridge information models
were applied to enhance current practices…
Exercise 10. Read the abstracts from A–F and decide which
field of study they relate to.
Abstract А
Introduction: The integration of advanced materials and digi-
tal technologies into construction is essential for achieving energy
efficiency and sustainability, with graphene-zeolite smart flooring offering a multifunctional solution to enhance building performance.
Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from a survey of 53 construction professionals
with a bibliometric analysis of 179 Scopus-indexed publications using VOSviewer.
Results: The survey revealed strong industry support for smart
materials and technologies that promote energy savings and address
environmental concerns, while the bibliometric review identified research clusters in thermal energy storage, nanomaterials, and digital
construction systems. Graphene-zeolite composites were found to
improve thermal conductivity, enable passive heat storage and release, and enhance air quality through adsorption, with compatibility
for integration with artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, and digital twin technologies to support real-time monitoring and predictive
maintenance.
Abstract B
The recent advances in digital technologies have paved way for
substantial improvements in the field of interior design. Augmented
reality (AR), one of the biggest trends in the digital market, is used
to visualize the placement of furniture in interior spaces. As the demand for online stores and shopping increases, AR presents a pro-
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mising solution to bridge the gap between virtual and the real environment. By utilizing AR functions, users can virtually place furniture in their living spaces, conceptualize their design, and make
proper decisions by accurately visualizing their desired interior design. The proposed system aims to develop a website that enhances
the user experience in choosing the furniture that suit their living
space. Furthermore, the precise visualization and interactive platform
makes the website user-friendly.
Abstract C
To address the challenges associated with conducting large-scale
and complex acoustic vibration experiments on dual-layer cylindrical
shells, which are both difficult and costly, this paper proposes a method
that predicts the vibrational response of a full-scale dual-layer cylindrical shell using the vibrational response of a single-layer scaled-down
model. Finite element models of both the full-scale dual-layer cylindrical shell and its scaled-down counterpart were developed using Virtual.Lab Acoustic software. The vibrational responses of these models
were analyzed within the 100–500 Hz frequency range, and a comparative analysis was conducted to validate the accuracy of the scaling
method and the similarity of vibrational responses. The results indicate
that the displacement ratio between the scaled-down model and the original model aligns closely with the geometric scaling factor. Furthermore,
the similarity coefficients of the vibrational responses for both the inner
and outer shells of the scaled-down model exceed 0.9, confirming the
effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Abstract D
One of the most common problems in material engineering is the
appearance of corrosion. For this reason, numerous efforts are underway
to design materials that are resistant to this damage. In the same context,
the diagnosis of corrosion is also of great interest since its detection
reveals the real state of a structure. This article is focused on the latter.
The purpose of the presented study is to provide a simple optical
methodology to analyze the corrosion process and its evolution by
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means of a non-destructive method based on changes in the polarization
state of the speckle patterns. To carry this out, two experimental
arrangements with different wavelengths are proposed: one in the far
field and another in the near field. The samples are first subjected to
accelerated acid corrosion in the laboratory, and then, the degree of
corrosion is quantitatively analyzed using the proposed technique.
Moreover, in order to ensure that the acid attack on the samples is
uniform (generalized corrosion), a detailed study is performed on the
specimen surfaces via Raman spectroscopy. The results obtained show
the ranges of applicability of both setups and their limits for studying
corrosion.
Abstract E
The paper focuses on the key issues Russian scientists face in
the process of writing abstracts in English. The undertaken study outlines practical solutions to such challenges. The paper relies on an
overview of previously published research literature on the subject,
as well as classification, generalisation, descriptive research, quantitative and frequency analysis. In order to verify the obtained data,
corpus analysis was used. As a result, the research reveals common
difficulties of abstract writing Russian authors experience and identifies discrepancies in the available findings. The paper argues that
referring to authentic lexicographic and corpus online resources can
become a way to avoid and/or eliminate errors. Removing the major
(linguistic) stumbling block can result in overcoming academic writing issues. In addition, the article provides a brief description of the
best practices for working with such resources.
Abstract F
A thorough data-driven review on the chemistry, properties, and
applications of aerogels is provided. Aerogel is a category of solid materials having homogeneous, highly porous nanostructures. Unique
physicochemical properties of aerogels have attracted much attention
in wide fields due to their potentials for energy/environmental issues
in the 21st century, while an exponentially increasing number of
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papers are causing an academic fever and unrewarding data issues. Statistical analysis based on an exhaustive literature survey from almost
all the papers with “aerogel” in their titles reveals a flood of freezedried aerogels mainly consisting of organic polymers and organic–inorganic composites. Process-property data from polymer aerogel papers are analyzed by a machine-learning approach aiming to establish
data infrastructure toward future aerogel studies. Data-evidenced critical discussion specifies a tendency in unreliable thermal conductivity
data of these papers.
Exercise 11. Write an abstract to the Text 3 p. 72 (Unit 4).
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UNIT 3. TRANSLATION
Перевод научного текста с английского на русский язык
зачастую вызывает сложности, связанные, как правило, с разной
организацией русского и английского языков. Не всегда дословный перевод может правильно передать мысли автора. В связи
с этим при переводе текстов на русский язык необходимо прибегать в различным языковым трансформациям, которые помогут сделать текст перевода правильным. В данном разделе рассмотрены основные приемы при переводе текстов с английского
на русский язык.
Основные трансформации при переводе
1. Конкретизация – замена слова языка-источника с ши-
роким значением на слово или словосочетание с более узким,
конкретным значением в целевом языке.
joint – соединение, шов, стык
The joint was filled with mortar. – Кирпичный шов был запол-
нен раствором.
The joint must be cleaned before painting to prevent corrosion. – Сварной шов необходимо зачистить перед покраской во
избежание появления коррозии.
2. Генерализация – процесс, обратный конкретизации, ко-
гда узкий термин заменяется более широким. Прием генерализации используется, когда какой-либо элемент предложения в контексте перевода не представляет важности.
vernacular gable roof (досл. традиционная двускатная крыша)
The project reinterpreted vernacular gable roof design. – Про-
ект переосмыслил дизайн традиционной кровли.
3. Добавление – частный случай конкретизации, когда в пе-
реводимое предложение добавляется какая-либо имплицитная
информация (не выраженная буквально).
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The 12 mm thick Cor-Ten cladding should be installed. –
Необходимо установить 12-миллеметровые фасадные панели
из стали Cor-Ten.
4. Опущение – прием, обратный добавлению, заключающийся в опускании части предложения при переводе.
The concrete mix shall achieve 40 MPa compressive strength
at 28 days. – Бетон должен набрать прочность 40 МПа через
28 суток.
5. Антонимический перевод – лексико-грамматическая трансформация, при которой происходит замена слова,
словосочетания или части предложения на антонимичную
единицу.
Remember to wear safety equipment when disassembling as-
bestos walls. – Не забудьте надеть средства индивидуальной за-
щиты при демонтаже асбестовых стен.
6. Калькирование – пословный перевод термина-словосочетания, при котором сохраняется структура термина-источника.
healthy building – здоровое здание
green building – зеленое строительство
grey water – серая вода (сточные воды)
7. Изменение порядка слов в предложении. Поскольку
английский и русский языки имеют разный грамматический
строй, часто для более корректного перевода на русский язык
необходимо прибегать к изменению порядка слов.
Core sampling is performed to monitor the quality of asphalt
concrete pavements and verify compliance with standard requirements. – Для контроля качества асфальтобетонных покрытий
производится отбор кернов.
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PRACTICE EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Read the text and do the following exercises.
Concrete is a highly prevalent construction material worldwide, with an estimated annual production of approximately 6 million m3. While using concrete as a final product does not harm the
environment, it is essential to note that producing concrete components has adverse effects. Specifically, the global annual consumption of Portland cement. Concrete often exhibits cracks due
to excessive tensile stresses or environmental conditions. Accordingly, rehabilitation and maintenance of concrete structures are essential.
Traditional methods, including sealing, grouting, chemical injection, and carbon fiber reinforcement, have been extensively used
over time. Nevertheless, these methods possess distinct disadvantages as they can be time-consuming, mainly when dealing with
larger or more complex cracks.
Moreover, the conventional crack healing processes may exhibit inconsistencies, which can be attributed to many factors,
such as labor skill, material quality, and environmental conditions. These methods often repair large cracks but are inappropriate for deep and small cracks. Repairing agents can be hazardous
to the environment and expensive. Furthermore, the utilization of
cement is required in the conventional procedure of concrete
crack healing, which leads to an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2)
footprint.
Finally, traditional methods might require continuous maintenance and periodic reapplication of healing agents to maintain longterm efficacy. Presently, self-healing concrete is regarded as a durable repair technique that has captured the interest of researchers. Selfhealing concrete exhibits properties similar to the human body,
whereby injuries and wounds can autonomously heal without external intervention.
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Exercise 1.1. Give the Russian equivalents to the following
words and word-combinations.
Portland cement –
carbon fiber reinforcement –
tensile stress –
prevalent construction material –
adverse effects –
excessive tensile stresses –
carbon fiber reinforcement –
hazardous to the environment –
utilization of cement –
carbon dioxide footprint –
grouting –
self-healing concrete –
Exercise 1.2. Translate the following sentences paying
attention to the use of Passive Voice.
1. While using concrete as a final product does not harm the
environment, it is essential to note that producing concrete components has adverse effects.
2. Traditional methods, including sealing, grouting, chemical
injection, and carbon fiber reinforcement, have been extensively used
over time.
3. Furthermore, the utilization of cement is required in the conventional procedure of concrete crack healing, which leads to an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) footprint.
4. Presently, self-healing concrete is regarded as a durable repair technique that has captured the interest of researchers.
Exercise 1.3. Translate the following sentences into Russian
using antonymic transformation.
1. These methods often repair large cracks but are inappropriate for deep and small cracks.
2. Traditional methods are time-consuming for large cracks.
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3. Chemical injection is effective only for surface-level cracks.
4. Carbon fiber reinforcement provides temporary stability.
5. Conventional repair agents show poor adhesion to microcracks.
Exercise 1.4. Translate the whole text.
Exercise 2. Read the text. Translate it making the necessary
changes, pay attention the phrases in bold.
Weathering steels developed under the name “COR-TEN
steels” established themselves as a promising material to meet the
demand for atmospheric corrosion resistance and eliminate the need
for painting. COR-TEN steel is resistant to the corrosive effects of
weather such as rain, snow, ice, fog, etc. A coating of dark brown
oxidation is developed over the metal surface when it comes in contact with the environment, thereby inhibiting the deeper penetration
and negating the need for painting and reducing the rust-prevention
cost over the years. Thus, the steel is allowed to rust, which forms
a protective layer and slows down the rate of corrosion.
The steel was subjected to solution treatment at 1000 °C follow-
ing accelerated cooling with water, oil, and air. The oil-quenched steel
was then subjected to aging treatment at 400 ° and 500 °C for various
times ranging from 5 min to 1500 min, followed by water quenching.
To ascertain the response to aging, hardness measurements were conducted by employing a load of 20 Kgf. Metallographic examinations
were also conducted to study the resulting structural transformations
in various stages of investigations.
Exercise 3. Read the following parts of the text and their
translations. Do you think it is an adequate translation into
Russian? Make changes if necessary.
1. Adaptive architecture represents an evolving framework
within modern architectural practice, aimed at creating buildings that
are capable of responding to the needs of their users and environmental conditions over time.
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