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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов кандидатский экзамен. Учебное пособие
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2. It's made from hemp and has excellent thermal and moisture
properties.
3. Hempcrete is an innovative building material for residential
construction.
4. The plant itself is environmentally friendly and multi-purpose.
5. While not structural, it works well as insulation in walls,
floors and roofs.
Exercise 21. Expand the above ideas to make a summary
more detailed.
Exercise 22. Using the text, complete the sentences.
1. The purpose of this article is to ______ hempcrete as an innovative building material.
2. The paper puts forward the idea that hempcrete ______ compared to traditional materials.
3. First, the author describes ______ of hempcrete application.
4. It should be noted that hempcrete cannot ______ due to its
low compressive strength.
Exercise 23. Fill in the blanks with appropriate transition
phrases.
1. __________ the methods of application, the author turns to
hempcrete's environmental benefits.
2. __________ a discussion on hempcrete's thermal properties.
3. __________ explains the limitations of the material.
4. __________ hempcrete requires structural support in buildings.
Exercise 24. Make your own summary of the text. Remember
to give your opinion on the topic.
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TEXTS FOR SUMMARIZING
Text 1
Throughout history, concrete has proven to be an extremely effective building material. From its first use to the present day, concrete technology has continued to develop. Several decades ago, the
modern development of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) began, the
main advantage of which was increased ductility and improved performance during cracking.
Most modern infrastructures, such as bridges, power plants,
and TV towers, are made of concrete and are exposed to various actions: earthquakes, climate change, aggressive environments, live
load increases, wars, and terrorist threats. Urban warfare has contributed to the increasing presence of explosive materials in populated
areas. Therefore, there is a growing need to investigate the effects of
explosive impacts on various construction materials, including FRC.
Over the past two decades, numerous studies have investigated
the impact of explosions on concrete with different compositions.
However, the focus has mainly been on visual inspections and the
assessment of external damage. To carry out a more comprehensive
analysis of the effects of explosives on concrete with fibers, a research project is carried out. The experimental tests are carried out at
the military training area as part of military university studies.
It has been found that concrete with steel fibers provides greater
resistance to destruction by explosives, this should be considered in
the design of civil and military structures to protect personnel, property, and strategically important facilities.
Text 2
Nanosilica has several benefits ranging from increased mechanical strength to improved durability and reduced fragmented structural
areas. Its optimized use can make a significant difference in sustainable and efficient construction practice.
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The incorporation of nanosilica in ultralightweight foamed
concrete increases its compressive strength by 20–25 %, resulting in
more robust and homogeneous microstructure. This improved microstructure translates into superior mechanical and transport properties.
Furthermore, when nanosilica is grafted onto polycarboxylate superplasticizer molecules, it significantly improves the dispersion and adsorption performance, as well as the mechanical properties of cement
pastes or mortars.
In the field of additive manufacturing, the addition of nanosilica to priming mortars not only accelerates setting and hardening but
also increases performance indices and significantly improves compressive strength and transport properties, while reducing pore anisotropy. Nanosilica also acts as a cost-effective and environmentally
friendly modifier for asphalt binders, improving permanent deformation resistance, fatigue performance and aging resistance.
Finally, the incorporation of nanosilica in reinforced concrete
not only improves flexural behavior and load-bearing capacity but
also reduces crack width compared to conventional concrete. This
demonstrates the potential of nanosilica to contribute to sustainability
and efficiency in residential construction, similar to titanium dioxide,
albeit through different mechanisms and applications. This multidimensional approach to nanosilica in construction highlights its crucial role in promoting technological innovations that seek to optimize
building materials.
Text 3
Corrosion that occurs on vehicles is a problem that endangers traffic safety and has an adverse financial effect on the economy of any
country. Until the late 1950s, corrosion of motor vehicles was considered to be a problem that occurs exclusively in marine and coastal environments. However, in the following years, a large number of vehicles
used within the continent areas were shown to corrode and become unusable in just a few years, and the reason for that was found in the intensive use of salt as protection against road icing in the winter. Motor
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vehicles produced during the last decades have very little visible corrosion thanks to numerous technological improvements introduced in the
process of vehicle design and production.
Corrosion is the natural process of gradual destruction of materials (usually a metal) by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction
with environment in which the material is located. It causes measurable material changes and leads to corrosion damage. It is formed on
the surface of the metal and spreads faster or slower from the surface
to the depth, whereby the chemical composition and properties of the
metal change. It occurs as a consequence of physical-chemical processes: a) when metal is in contact with an aggressive environment
(metal – water, metal – acid, metal – air, metal – earth, etc.); b) in
contact of dissimilar metals and c) on the contact surface of two metal
grains with different composition or different voltage state. In the
process of corrosion, the metal completely or partially dissolves or
a precipitate form on the metal surface (rust formed during corrosion
of iron in a humid environment). Due to corrosion, in some cases the
alloys decompose into components or the physical - chemical properties of metals and alloys change. Corrosion degrades the useful
properties of materials and structures including strength, appearance
and permeability to liquids and gases.
Text 4
Protected natural areas have become important tourist destinations around the world, and in Spain, national parks are the most representative figure of this type of enclave, having as one of its objectives to make conservation compatible with public use. However, its
restrictive legal regime prevents sustainability from being achieved.
Globally, 15,73 % of the world’s land area and 7,93 % of the
world’s marine area are currently under some form of protection. Pro-
tected areas are so important that they are supported by numerous
international institutions as an optimal instrument to fight climate
change and biodiversity loss, maintain cultural values, achieve sustainable development, and improve the quality of life.
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Spain is one of the most biodiverse countries in Europe, as evidence of this, it currently has 28,11 % of its land area and 12,76 %
of its marine area covered by protected areas. It is a leading country
in environmental protection, being one of the pioneer states in declaring national parks, with the enactment of what is considered the first
national parks law in the world.
While it is true that tourism in protected areas is an ideal tool for
achieving sustainable development, it must also be borne in mind that
it presents numerous challenges, including the limitation of certain socio-economic activities as a consequence of the protection regime.
The specific legal regulation and the consequent environmental
protection are crucial to understand the extent, flexibility, and restrictions of the public use of these spaces. It is, therefore, necessary
to bear in mind that, depending on the category of protection, there
will be strict limitations on public use. In this sense, national parks
are positioned as the most rigid form of protection in the Spanish legal system, which can be detrimental to the socio-economic development of the surrounding municipalities.
Text 5
The restoration of cultural heritage is an essential part of the
field of cultural heritage protection, and its origins can be traced all
the way back to ancient times. People in ancient civilizations used
a variety of materials and techniques, such as welding metal, carving
wooden sculptures, and sculpting stone. This allowed them to repair
damaged artifacts. The field of restoring cultural relics has undergone
significant development in recent years as a direct result of the application of digital technologies, which has contributed significantly to
the advancement of science and technology in general.
Traditional techniques for repairing relics relied primarily on
manual repair and chemical repair at the beginning of the 20th century. These techniques included cleaning the surfaces of relics, repairing missing parts, repairing damaged parts, and a number of other
procedures. It is possible for these techniques to restore damaged
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artifacts to some degree; however, there are a number of drawbacks
associated with their use. Some of these drawbacks include the following: the restoration effect is difficult to achieve, the process of
repair may cause additional damage to the artifact itself, and the repair process itself may be challenging to duplicate.
Around the same time that computer-assisted repair technologies were first being introduced into the field, specialists in the field
of repairing cultural relics were also beginning to implement these
technologies. Digital scanning, three-dimensional modeling, and virtual reality are some examples of the computer-assisted repair technologies that are currently available. These technologies are able to
perform noncontact detection and analysis of artifacts, which can
then be done before the relics are repaired.
Text 6
Aerogels, with their exceptional thermal insulation properties,
offer a powerful tool to address this issue, providing potential for
both economic savings and environmental conservation.
Additionally, the high porosity and low density of aerogels
contribute to their superior acoustic insulation properties, another important consideration in building design. The structural stability of
aerogels, particularly in the face of extreme temperatures, further
supports their utility in construction. In addition to the environmental
implications, the potential health hazards posed by aerogels is another critical consideration, though one that has not received extensive research attention. During production, workers may face inhalation exposure risks, especially from nanoparticle-based aerogels.
Usage of aerogels in building insulation or other construction applications also warrants assessment. Product aging and mechanical damage over decades of installation could release particles posing an inhalation hazard. The incorporation of aerogels into consumer goods poses
similar concerns regarding degradation and nanoparticle exposures.
Lastly, appropriate disposal protocols must be implemented considering
the complex chemical makeup of certain aerogels. Landfilling could
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allow leakage and groundwater contamination. Many countries enforce
regulations on disposal of synthetic minerals like aerogels.
However, the integration of aerogels into the construction industry is not without its challenges. Despite the numerous advantages, widespread adoption of aerogels has been limited by factors such as high production costs, difficulties in scaling production,
and environmental concerns surrounding the lifecycle of aerogel materials. These issues represent key areas of ongoing research and development.
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UNIT 6. ABOUT MY SCIENTIFIC WORK
Устный монолог – часть кандидатского экзамена, где аспи-
ранту необходимо рассказать о своей научной работе на английском языке. Данный монолог должен быть четким и структурированным.
Примерный план рассказа о своей научной деятельности
включает следующие аспекты:
– name;
– education (which institution did you finish?);
– profession;
– reasons for taking a post-graduate course;
– your scientific supervisor (name, position);
– the subject of the research (topic);
– why is this topic important;
– conferences, publications;
– your expectations from the postgraduate studying.
Остановимся подробнее на пунктах монолога, которые могут вызвать затруднения.
1. Education
В данном разделе аспиранту необходимо рассказать
о своем образовании. Эту мысль можно выразить несколькими
способами.
I have a Master’s degree in Construction Engineering from
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building.
I graduated with a Master's degree in Construction Engineering from Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building.
I hold a Master's degree in Construction Engineering from
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building.
I earned my Master's degree in Construction Engineering at
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building.
I completed my Master's degree in Construction Engineering,
specializing in Additive Technologies.
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2. Profession
В разделе о профессии стоит упомянуть ваше настоящее
место работы и должность, а также отметить, какие задачи вы
решаете. Это можно выразить двумя способами.
Credentials + Research Focus + Goals
I am an engineer at the 3D-Tech construction company. I work
with the 3D-printing technologies. My goal is to make 3D-manufac-
turing possible in remote environments.
Current Role + Education + Specialization / Expertise +
Impact
I am a construction engineer with a Master’s Degree in
Additive Technologies. I develop innovative solutions for 3Dmanufacturing in remote environments to reduce costs and environmental impact.
3. Reasons for enrolling in postgraduate studies
В устном монологе аспиранту стоит также рассказать о мотивах поступления в аспирантуру. Условно их можно разделить
на ряд групп.
Research Interest
I want to deepen my knowledge in the field of additive manufacturing. The postgraduate course allows me to specialize in this area.
Career Advancement
I decided to take a postgraduate course since I need this qualification for my work. This will provide me with advance skills to
apply for higher-level position.
Skill Development
My aim is to acquire new skills in the field of additive manufacturing since there are some gaps in my practical skills.
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Switching Fields
My master’s thesis was focused on innovative construction ma-
terials; however, I developed interest for additive manufacturing.
This course will help me to expand my knowledge.
4. Scientific supervisor
Важную часть монолога составляет информация о научном руководителе аспиранта. Необходимо его представить, указать должность и научную степень, а также описать область его
научных интересов.
4.1. Scientific degree
Для указания научной степени в английском языке используются приведенные ниже формулировки.
Технические и естественные науки
Candidate / Doctor of Architecture
Candidate / Doctor of Technical Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Chemical Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Geographical Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Geological-Mineralogical Sciences
Гуманитарные и общественные науки
Candidate / Doctor of Economical Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Historical Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Philosophical Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Juridical Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Philological Sciences
Candidate / Doctor of Psychological Sciences
4.1.1. Candidate of Sciences vs. PhD
Зачастую при переводе на английский язык научных
степеней возникает путаница в использовании терминов PhD
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