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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов кандидатский экзамен. Учебное пособие
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4. We consider that...
5. People often say that...
6. Many believe that...
7. I believe that...
8. People report that...
9. Experts have noted that...
10. The team found that...
11. The researchers confirmed that...
12. One can observe that...
13. Many argue that...
14. The committee decided that...
15. The study concludes that...
16. Researchers suggest that.
Exercise 2. Translate the following phrases.
А. Into Russian using impersonal passive constructions.
1. It is said that...
2. It is assumed that...
3. It can be hoped that...
4. It should be acknowledged that...
5. It was discovered that...
6. It is generally accepted that...
7. It is believed that...
8. It is widely recognized that...
B. Into English using impersonal passive constructions.
1. Говорится, что...
2. Предполагается, что...
3. Считается, что...
4. Были сделаны выводы, что...
5. Известно, что...
6. Следует отметить, что...
7. Было установлено, что...
8. Принято считать, что...
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Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes in the Passive Voice sentences.
1. The building was design by the architects last year.
2. New plasma technologies have been develop in the labora-
tory recently.
3. The construction plans is being reviewed by the commit-
tee now.
4. Eco-friendly materials was used in the project.
5. The workers is assembling the scaffolding at the moment.
6. The project will be complete by the end of next month.
7. The structural analysis were done carefully before approval.
8. The solar panels have installed on the roof yesterday.
Exercise 4. Transform the sentences from Active Voice to
Passive Voice.
1. The engineers design the building blueprints.
2. They will complete the construction next year.
3. The architects use advanced software for modeling.
4. Scientists have developed new plasma technologies.
5. The company manufactures eco-friendly materials.
6. Researchers are testing the new insulation methods.
7. Experts analyze the structural stability of the bridge.
8. They will approve the project by the end of the month.
9. Technicians maintain the equipment regularly.
10. Scientists obtained necessary data.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks by putting the verb in brackets
into the correct form of the passive voice.
1. The pile foundation ___________ (inspect) before the work
started.
2. New safety regulations ___________ (introduce) last year.
3. The experimental plasma device ___________ (develop)
currently by scientists.
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4. The architectural plans ___________ (review) by the com-
mittee tomorrow.
5. Eco-friendly materials ___________ (use) increasingly in
modern constructions.
6. The scaffolding ___________ (assemble) by the workers
at the moment.
7. The solar panels ___________ (install) on the roof next week.
8. Critical data from the lab ___________ (analyze) thoroughly
before publication.
Exercise 6. Translate into English using the Passive Voice.
1. Это здание было построено в прошлом году. 2. В этой
лаборатории разрабатывают новые строительные материалы.
3. Исследования по получению нового вида цемента проводятся
в университете. 4. Ежедневно на фабрику доставляют новые
строительные материалы. 5. Все чертежи были тщательно проверены инженерами. 6. Плазменные технологии используются
для улучшения свойств материалов. 7. Эксперименты с новыми
технологиями выполняются сейчас в лаборатории. 8. Результаты
данного исследования были опубликованы в рецензируемом
научном журнале. 9. Новые архитектурные решения будут применены в данном проекте. 10. Новая система вентиляции будет
установлена в кабинете на следующей неделе. 11. Технологические процессы автоматизированы для повышения эффективности. 12. BIM моделирование используется на всех этапах проектирования здания.
1.4. Герундий
Герундий – это форма глагола с суффиксом -ing, которая
объединяет признаки глагола и существительного и указывает
на процесс. На русский язык герундий переводится существительным или глаголом.
В предложении герундий выполняет роль подлежащего,
дополнения или обстоятельства.
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Building bridges requires careful planning (подлежащее). The
engineer avoided making errors during calculations (дополнение).
They are interested in learning new construction techniques (обсто-
ятельство).
Герундий употребляется в следующих случаях:
а) после предлогов, указывая на процесс: She is interested
in learning new technologies;
б) после глаголов, демонстрируя начало, продолжение или
окончание процесса: She continued working on the project despite
the difficulties.
Герундий также употребляется в сложных конструкциях.
1. Герундиальный оборот: предлог + притяжательное
местоимение / сущ. + V-ing: She was surprised at his arriving late
to the conference. – Она была удивлена его опозданием на конфе-
ренцию.
2. Перфектный герундий: having + V-ed/V3 выражает
действие, которое произошло или завершилось до другого действия. Обычно переводится дополнительным придаточным
предложением со значением после того, как; когда уже; тому,
что: They denied having renovated this historic building. – Они от-
рицали, что отремонтировали это историческое здание.
3. Перфектный герундий (having been + V-ed/V3) в пас-
сивном залоге показывает, что процесс (действие) был завершен
до другого события. Часто переводится как придаточное предложение со значением после того, как…; после выполнения…: The
construction schedule was adjusted after having been analyzed by the
economic team. – График строительства был скорректирован
после того, как его проанализировала экономическая команда.
4. Абсолютный причастный оборот (подлежащее + V-ing
без личной формы глагола) указывает на дополнительное обсто-
ятельство, связанное с основным действием. Он показывает причину, условие или обстоятельства, предшествующие главному событию. Часто переводится придаточным предложением с союзами
поскольку; когда; после того, как. Эта конструкция часто употре-
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бляется с предлогом with в начале, который не переводится досло-
вно: With the engineers monitoring the stress levels, the workers ad-
justed the support beams. – Пока инженеры контролировали
уровни нагрузки, рабочие регулировали опорные балки.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Implementing innovative materials significantly improves
the durability of buildings.
2. The architects avoided using outdated design methods in
their new project.
3. They are interested in exploring sustainable construction
technologies.
4. Before adopting the new software, engineers conducted
thorough testing.
5. She continued developing the eco-friendly building model
despite initial challenges.
6. The project manager was pleased with their completing the
design revision ahead of schedule.
7. They discussed the benefits of having integrated smart sys-
tems into the building automation.
8. The construction timeline was adjusted after having been
evaluated by the project analysts.
9. With the engineers monitoring the structural integrity, con-
struction proceeded without delays.
Exercise 2. Identify the function of the gerund in the
sentence: subject, object, or adverbial modifier.
1. Building bridges takes a lot of resources.
2. The architects discussed changing the design.
3. They were involved in supervising the construction site.
4. Learning new techniques improves efficiency.
5. He avoided making costly mistakes.
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6. We are focused on finishing the project on time.
7. Planning a skyscraper takes months of preparation.
8. The architect enjoys creating innovative designs.
9. They are focused on monitoring the construction progress
daily.
10. Installing the electrical wiring requires precision and safety.
Exercise 3. Choose the correct form after prepositions
(gerund or other form).
1. They are interested in (learn / learning) sustainable construc-
tion methods.
2. Before (start / starting) the excavation, the team checked the
permits.
3. After (complete / completing) the bridge, they conducted
safety tests.
4. She is skilled at (manage / managing) complex projects.
5. The workers succeeded by (collaborate / collaborating) ef-
fectively.
6. Before (starting / start) the concrete pouring, the team checked
the molds.
7. She is skilled at (design / designing) energy-efficient buildings.
8. After (laying / lay) the foundation, the crew began erecting
the framework.
9. They are experienced in (managing / manage) large-scale con-
struction projects.
10. The engineers insisted on (conducting / conduct) extensive
safety tests.
Exercise 4. Fill in with gerund or perfect gerund where
appropriate.
1. They regretted (not follow) safety protocols during the build.
2. After (complete) the foundation, work continued on the su-
perstructure.
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3. I remember (inspect) the materials before starting construction.
4. The company admitted (delay) the project due to funding
issues.
5. By then, they had finished (repair) the bridge.
6. The architect regretted (not include) sustainability features
in the initial plan.
7. After (completing) the site survey, the engineers started
work on the foundation.
8. I remember (consulting) with city planners before submitting
the permit application.
9. The company admitted (underestimate) the project costs
initially.
10. By last month, the team had finished (construct) the new
office building.
Exercise 5. Form sentences using gerund phrase: preposition + possessive pronoun + gerund.
Example:
She was amused at his finishing the design so early.
1. Мы были удивлены быстрой сдачей проекта.
2. Инженеры обеспокоены появлением трещин в бетоне.
3. Менеджеры заинтересованы в повышении эффектив-
ности.
4. Кадастровые инженеры были впечатлены составлением
новых границ.
5. Историки выразили сомнение в правильности толкова-
ния древних рукописей.
6. Архитекторы похвалили пересмотр старых планов зда-
ния с учетом современных норм.
7. Городские планировщики были уверены в эффективном
обновлении правил зонирования.
8. Ученые были удивлены получением нового вида ма-
териала.
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Exercise 6. Rewrite the sentences using perfect gerund
(having + past participle).
1. They cleaned the building before the inspection.
2. The team completed the cost analysis prior to the meeting.
3. The engineers tested the materials before approving the
contract.
4. The team had installed all the windows before the inspection.
5. The company had submitted the planning documents before
the deadline.
6. The workers had dismantled the old scaffolding prior to start-
ing the new phase.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with absolute participial
phrase (with + subject + gerund or having been + past participle).
1. ________, the team started laying asphalt. (approve the
permits)
2. ________, construction resumed without delays. (solve the
unexpected problems)
3. ________, the project managers held an emergency meeting.
(finalize the report)
4. ________, the architects began drafting the site layout. (ap-
prove the initial designs)
5. ________, the construction workers resumed their tasks.
(pass the safety audit)
6. ________, the contractors organized a meeting to discuss the
budget. (finalize the cost estimates)
Exercise 8. Choose the appropriate variant.
A. Choose the sentence with an absolute participial phrase.
1. With the permits having been issued, the construction started.
2. They start constructing tomorrow.
3. He stopped to work.
4. The architect designed the building.
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B. Complete the sentence with the gerund.
She is famous for ___ innovative architectural projects.
1. Designing.
2. Designed.
3. Design.
4. To design.
C. Choose the sentence with the perfect gerund.
1. The workers enjoy building new bridges.
2. The managers discussed the problems of having delayed the
project.
3. She is interested in learning new software.
4. They continued working all night.
D. Find the sentence with a gerund phrase (preposition + possessive pronoun + gerund).
1. She was surprised at his arriving late to the conference.
2. They have started to work on the project.
3. He likes to read.
4. The company finished the project.
E. In which sentence does the gerund function as the subject?
1. The engineer avoided making errors during calculations.
2. Building bridges requires careful planning.
3. They are interested in learning new construction techniques.
4. She stopped working early.
F. Choose the correct gerund ending in the sentence.
The architects are busy ___ the new design.
1. Develop.
2. Developing.
3. Developed.
4. Develops.
G. In which sentence is the gerund used as an object after a preposition?
1. Before starting the construction, engineers reviewed the plans.
2. Designing buildings requires precision.
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3. The workers stopped building.
4. She enjoys draw.
1.5. Инфинитив
Инфинитив – начальная форма глагола, которая не имеет
лица, числа и наклонения. В научной речи инфинитив выполняет различные функции. Рассмотрим их более подробно.
Функции инфинитива
1. Подлежащее.
To build a structure you need to possess special skills. –
Чтобы построить сооружение, нужно обладать особыми
навыками.
2. Дополнение.
They want to improve the water drainage system. – Они хотят
улучшить систему отвода воды.
3. Часть составного сказуемого с модальным или вспомо-
гательным глаголами.
We have to finish the draft today. – Мы должны закончить
черновик сегодня.
4. Определение к существительному, указывая на его цель
и назначение или после определяемого существительного.
This is the best tool to cut metal precisely. – Это лучший инструмент для точной резки металла.
The technique to be applied must be carefully selected. = The
technique, which is to be applied, must be carefully selected. – Тех-
ника, которая должна быть применена, должна быть тщательно выбранa.
5. Обстоятельство цели и следствия. Может переводиться
с союзом чтобы или существительным. Если инфинитив упо-
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