Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов кандидатский экзамен. Учебное пособие
.pdf
11
Времена группы Continuous указывают на действия, находящиеся в процессе их совершения.
Researchers are testing the new insulation methods this
month. – В этом месяце исследователи тестируют новые ме-
тоды изоляции.
Времена группы Perfect указывают на завершенность действия к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или
будущем.
Scientists have developed new plasma technologies this year. –
В этом году ученые разработали новые плазменные технологии.
Времена группы Perfect Continuous используются для обозначения действий, которые начались в прошлом и длятся до
определенного момента времени (в настоящем, прошедшем или
будущем) и неизвестно, когда они завершатся: The construction
team has been working on the new building for six months. – Строительная бригада работала над новым зданием в течение шести
месяцев.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Choose the correct tense (Present Simple / Past
Simple / Future Simple).
1. The researchers ______ (publish) many articles on plasma
technologies every year.
a) publishes
b) published
c) will publish
2. Last year, the construction company ______ (complete) three
major bridge projects.
a) completes
b) completed
c) will complete
12
3. Philosophers often _____ (discuss) the nature of reality in
their works.
a) discuss
b) discussed
c) will discuss
4. The mechanics ______ (repair) the old car just yesterday.
a) repair
b) repaired
c) will repair
5. The architects ______ (design) a new cultural center next
month.
a) design
b) designed
c) will design
6. Historians ______ (study) ancient civilizations to understand
social development.
a) study
b) studied
c) will study
7. Engineers usually ______ (use) computer models to predict
structural stability.
a) use
b) used
c) will use
8. The team ______ (install) the new road signage tomorrow
morning.
a) installs
b) installed
c) will install
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct Simple tense
form of the verb.
1. The scientist ______ (write) a paper on renewable energy
last week.
13
2. Every year, construction workers ______ (build) dozens of
residential buildings in the city.
3. The philosopher ______ (develop) several ethical theories
during his lifetime.
4. Next summer, the company ______ (complete) the highway
extension project.
5. The mechanics ______ (check) the engine oil levels during
every inspection.
6. The historians ______ (find) new documents in the archives
two days ago.
7. The engineers ______ (test) the new suspension system rigor-
ously before the launch.
8. The architect ______ (plan) to start renovation of the museum
next month.
Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes in the sentences related to
Simple Tenses.
1. The researchers publishes many scientific articles every year.
2. Last month, the engineers will complete the bridge construction.
3. Philosophers discussing ideas about consciousness all their lives.
4. The mechanics repaired the car tomorrow.
5. Architects designs new buildings for the city.
6. Historians studied ancient manuscripts since many years.
7. The company completes many road projects next year.
8. The team install the safety barriers yesterday evening.
Exercise 4. Choose the correct perfect tense form (Present
Perfect / Past Perfect / Future Perfect).
1. The researchers ______ (publish) several groundbreaking ar-
ticles on nanotechnology so far.
a) have published
b) had published
c) will have published
2. By the time the seminar started, the engineers ______ (com-
plete) the bridge design.
14
a) have completed
b) had completed
c) will have completed
3. Philosophers ______ (formulate) many theories before mod-
ern science emerged.
a) have formulated
b) had formulated
c) will have formulated
4. The mechanics ______ (finish) repairing the engine by tomor-
row afternoon.
a) have finished
b) had finished
c) will have finished
5. The architects ______ (submit) the final project proposal
this week.
a) have submitted
b) had submitted
c) will have submitted
6. Historians ______ (discover) new evidence about the ancient
civilization before the conference.
a) have discovered
b) had discovered
c) will have discovered
7. The construction team ______ (build) three highways by the
end of next year.
a) have built
b) had built
c) will have built
8 The philosopher ______ (write) ten books by the time of his
retirement.
a) has written
b) had written
c) will have written
15
9. Engineers ______ (evaluate) the new construction materials
several times this year.
a) have evaluated
b) had evaluated
c) will have evaluated
10. By the time the historical documentary aired, scholars
______ (research) this topic for decades.
a) have researched
b) had researched
c) will have researched
11. The automotive mechanics ______ (repair) the transmission
by last Friday.
a) have repaired
b) had repaired
c) will have repaired
12. The construction managers ______ (oversee) the project
phases before the final inspection.
a) have overseen
b) had overseen
c) will have overseen
13. Philosophers ______ (debate) the nature of ethics long be-
fore the invention of modern science.
a) have debated
b) had debated
c) will have debated
14. By the end of this month, the team ______ (submit) all re-
quired documents for the permit.
a) have submitted
b) had submitted
c) will have submitted
15. Historians ______ (collect) oral histories to supplement
written records recently.
a) have collected
16
b) had collected
c) will have collected
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct perfect tense
form of the verb in parentheses.
1. The scientist ______ (publish) five research articles before
joining the conference last year.
2. By 2025, the company ______ (complete) all phases of the
infrastructure project.
3. The engineers ______ (test) the new materials extensively
by the time they released the report.
4. The philosopher ______ (influence) many generations of
students up to the present.
5. The mechanics ______ (repair) several vehicles since the
start of the day.
6. Historians ______ (uncover) key historical documents be-
fore the exhibition opened.
7. The architect ______ (finalize) the designs before the build-
ing permit was granted.
8. By next July, the road construction workers ______ (work)
on the project for two years.
9. By last year, the company ______ (deliver) over 100 eco-
friendly houses.
10. The scientists ______ (conduct) extensive experiments be-
fore publishing their findings.
Exercise 6. Correct the mistakes in the sentences related to
Perfect Tenses.
1. The researchers has published many articles recently.
2. Before the meeting, the engineers have completed the struc-
tural analysis.
3. Philosophers will had formulated important ideas by the 19th
century.
4. The mechanics will has finished the inspection by 6 p.m.
5. The architects have submit the plans last week.
17
6. Historians had discover new artifacts before the announcement.
7. The construction crew will have build the bridge bynext year.
8. The philosopher has wrote several influential essays.
9. The engineers have wrote several reports on bridge safety.
10. Before the workshop started, the researchers had collect all
necessary data.
11. Philosophers will have debated the theory since last century.
12. The mechanics has repaired the engine before the presen-
tation.
13. The architects had submit the proposal before the deadline.
14. The historians have uncovered many artifacts last year.
15. The company will have complete the roadwork by De-
cember.
Exercise 7. Choose the correct tense form.
1. The engineers ______ (design) a new suspension bridge now.
2. By next year, the architects ______ (complete) the urban de-
velopment project.
3. The researchers ______ (test) the durability of new materials
all month.
4. Last century, many philosophers ______ (develop) ideas that
influence modern thinking.
5. The team ______ (repair) the highway when the accident
happened.
6. Historians often ______ (study) ancient civilizations to un-
derstand human progress.
7. The mechanics ______ (fix) the car’s engine yesterday.
8. The construction company ______ (work) on the new tunnel
for three years by 2026.
9. The architect ______ (present) his new design at the confer-
ence tomorrow.
10. Construction workers ______ (install) the steel beams since
early morning.
18
11. The philosopher ______ (write) several books on ethics
over the past decade.
12. Engineers ______ (analyze) the stress distribution in the
bridge last week.
13. The team ______ (develop) innovative traffic solutions cur-
rently.
14. The historian ______ (compile) documents on the Civil
War recently.
15. Mechanics ______ (test) the brake system when the prob-
lem was detected.
Exercise 8. Rewrite the sentences in the requested tense.
1. The company builds many eco-friendly buildings every year.
(Present Perfect)
2. The professor explains the new theory when the bell rings.
(Past Continuous)
3. The engineers will launch a new research project next month.
(Future Simple)
4. Philosophers discuss the implications of artificial intelli-
gence nowadays. (Past Perfect)
5. The team tested the material before the final report was pub-
lished. (Present Continuous)
6. The construction workers will have been working on the
highway for six months by July. (Future Perfect Continuous)
7. Mechanics service the vehicles regularly. (Present Perfect)
8. The historians discuss the ancient civilization when the dis-
covery is made. (Past Continuous)
9. The engineer calculates load capacity for every new bridge.
(Present Continuous)
10. The architect leads the restoration project. (Future Perfect
Continuous)
Exercise 9. Translate into English, using the appropriate tense.
1. Инженеры строят новый мост уже два месяца.
2. Архитектор представит проект на следующей неделе.
19
3. Историки изучали влияние философии эпохи Просве-
щения.
4. Сейчас механики тестируют новую систему тормозов.
5. Компания завершит строительство дороги к концу года.
6. Философы обсуждают современную этику в своих трудах.
7. Дорожные рабочие закатывали асфальт всю ночь.
8. Архитекторы разрабатывают проект нового музея.
9. Прошлой зимой машины прошли испытания на безо-
пасность.
10. Историки будут проводить исследования до публикации
книги.
11. Компания будет строить мост в течение двух лет к 2028
году.
12. По окончании эксперимента ученые сформулируют но-
вую теорию.
Exercise 10. Correct the mistakes related to tense usage in
the active voice sentences.
1. The engineers is designing the new building now.
2. The mechanics fixed the engine when the customer arrives.
3. The team will working on the bridge next year.
4. The philosopher have written several influential essays.
5. They studies road construction techniques for several years.
6. The company completes the project by December next year.
7. The architect prepares a new site plan right now.
8. The mechanics repaired five vehicles today.
9. By next year, the engineers will complete the road.
10. Philosophers are debating the question when the conference
began.
11. The historian collect rare manuscripts over many years.
12. The construction company builds bridges since 1990.
1.3. Пассивный залог (Passive Voice)
В английском языке так же, как и в русском, в научных
текстах широко используется пассивный (страдательный) залог.
20
Пассивные предложения придают информации объективность
изложения, ясность, краткость и доступность. В научных тестах
следует избегать местоимений we, you, I; употребление пассивного залога способствует более формальному и нейтральному
стилю изложения.
Активный залог показывает, что подлежащее само выпол-
няет действие. Пассивный залог указывает на то, что действие
совершается над подлежащим.
Пассивный залог (Simple Tense) образуется с помощью
глагола to be в нужном времени, числе и лице и глаголом в Past
Participle (глаголом с суффиксом -ed или неправильным глаголом в 3 форме). Деятель или орудие действия выражается с помощью предлогов by (кем?), with (чем?).
Simple Tenses
be + V-ed/V3
Continuous Tenses
be + being + V-ed/V3
Perfect Tenses
have + been + V-ed/V3
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Paraphrase impersonal passive constructions.
Example:
We (the author, they, etc.) thought that... → It was thought that...
1. I found that...
2. They discovered that...
3. Experts claim that...
Active
Voice
A post graduate student
wrote
a scientific article.
Passive
Voice
A scientific article
was written
by a post graduate
student.
Active
Voice
The associate professor
suggested
this method.
Passive
Voice
This method
was suggested
by the associate pro-
fessor.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]