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Файл:Английский для инженеров-физиков. Фотоника и оптоинформатика. English for Students of Physics (Photonics). Учебное пособие
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Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
С. В. НИКРОШКИНА, Е. Б. СКВОРЦОВА
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ
ДЛЯ ИНЖЕНЕРОВ-ФИЗИКОВ
ФОТОНИКА
И ОПТОИНФОРМАТИКА
ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS
OF PHYSICS (PHOTONICS)
Утверждено
Редакционно-издательским советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия
НОВОСИБИРСК
2023
ББК 81.432.1-923
Н647
Рецензенты:
канд. филол. наук, доцент Балобанова А. Г.
канд. филол. наук, доцент Недоступ О. И.
Никрошкина С.В.
Н647 Английский для инженеров-физиков. Фотоника и оптоин-
форматика. English for Students of Physics (Photonics) : учебное
пособие / С. В. Никрошкина, Е. Б. Скворцова. – Новосибирск :
Изд-во НГТУ, 2023. – 108 с.
ISBN 978-5-7782-5062-8
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов III курса бакалавриата ФТФ
для использования на занятиях в рамках дисциплины «Иностранный язык».
Целью пособия является формирование у студентов коммуникативной
языковой компетенции в рамках нижеприведенных тем, которая реализуется
в различных видах речевой деятельности, как устной, так и письменной.
Учебное пособие включает 6 модулей: “Birth of the Universe” («Рождение
Вселенной»), “Chaos and Order” («Хаотичность и упорядоченность
of the Universe” («Бесконечность Вселенной), “Instruments to Measure the Universe” («Инструменты для измерения Вселенной»), “The Birth of Modern Physics” («Зарождение современной физики»), “Prominent Physicists” (Выдающиеся
физики»).
Организация материала внутри каждого раздела предусматривает формирование речевых умений от первичных навыков употребления лексических
единиц по данной теме до упражнений, подготавливающих студентов к диалогической или монологической речи. Учебное пособие является комплексным
и коммуникативно-ориентированным, способствует развитию
ков во всех видах речевой деятельности.
»), “ Infinity
умений и навы-
ББК 81.432.1-923
ISBN 978-5-7782-5062-8 © Никрошкина С. В., Скворцова Е. Б., 2023
© Новосибирский государственный
технический университет, 2023
CONTENTS
MODULE 1. BIRTH OF THE UNIVERSE .............................................................. 4
MODULE 2. CHAOS AND ORDER ...................................................................... 13
MODULE 3. INFINITY OF THE UNIVERSE ....................................................... 30
MODULE 4. INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE THE UNIVERSE ....................... 51
MODULE 5. THE BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSICS ............................................. 68
MODULE 6. PROMINENT PHYSICISTS ............................................................. 81
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 107
3
MODULE 1. BIRTH OF THE UNIVERSE
TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:
1. What do you know about the beginning of the universe?
2. How old is the universe?
3. What was the birth of the universe like?
VOCABULARY
1. overarching – главный, основной
2. grasp – представление, понимание
3. pitch-black – чёрный, как смоль
4. thin out – истончаться
5. gruel – каша
6. gravitationally bound – гравитационно связанный
7. assemble – собирать
8. primordial – первичный, первозданный
9. redshift – красное смещение
10. pillar – элемент, составляющая
11. string theory – теория струн
12. inflation – расширение
TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:
Origin of the Universe
The overarching theme in our universe's story is the evolution from the
simplicity of the quark soup to the complexity we see today in galaxies,
stars, planets and life. Although the ultimate origin of the universe still lies
beyond our grasp, we have tantalizing conjectures, including the notion of
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the multiverse, whereby the universe comprises an infinite number of
disconnected subuniverses.
Computer simulations say that the very first stars and galaxies emerged
when the universe was about 100 million years old. Before then, the
universe went through a time called the “dark ages”, when it was almost
pitch-black. Space was filled with a featureless gruel, five parts dark matter
and one part hydrogen and helium that thinned out as the universe
expanded. Matter was slightly uneven in density, and gravity acted to
amplify these density variations: denser regions expanded more slowly than
less dense ones did. By 100 million years the densest regions did not merely
expand more slowly but actually started to collapse. Such regions contained
about one million solar masses of material each. They were the first
gravitationally bound objects in the cosmos.
Dark matter accounted for the bulk of their mass but was, as its name
suggests, unable to emit or absorb light. So it remained in an extended
cloud. Hydrogen and helium gas, on the other hand, emitted light, lost
energy and became concentrated in the center of the cloud. Eventually it
collapsed all the way down to stars. These first stars were much more
massive than today's–hundreds of solar masses. They lived very short lives
before exploding and leaving behind the first heavy elements. Over the next
billion years or so the force of gravity assembled these million-solar-mass
clouds into the first galaxies.
Radiation emitted from primordial hydrogen clouds, which were greatly
redshifted by the expansion, should be detectable by giant arrays of radio
antennas with a total collecting area of up to one square kilometer. When
built, these arrays will watch as the first generation of stars and galaxies
ionize the hydrogen and bring the dark ages to an end.
Birth of the Universe
As cosmologists try to go further to understand the beginning of the
universe itself, our ideas become less firm. Einstein's general theory of
relativity has provided the theoretical foundation for a century of progress in
our understanding of the evolution of the universe. Because the general
theory of relativity does not incorporate quantum theory, the other pillar of
contemporary physics, it cannot be relied upon to address the very earliest
moments of creation when quantum gravity effects should have been
important. The discipline's greatest challenge is to develop a quantum
5
theory of gravity, with which we will be able to address the so-called Planck
simp
era prior to about 10–43 second, when spacetime itself was taking shape.
Tentative attempts at a unified theory have led to some remarkable
speculations about our very beginnings. String theory, for example, predicts
the existence of additional dimensions of space and possibly other universes
floating in that larger space. What we call the big bang may have been the
collision of our universe with another. The marriage of string theory with
the concept of inflation has led to perhaps the boldest idea yet, that of a
multiverse – namely, that the universe comprises an infinite number of
disconnected pieces, each with its own local laws of physics.
DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS
TASK 3. THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT
ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:
licity infinite tantalizing giant disconnected
TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS
IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
a) Is the word positive, negative or neutral?
b) Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?
c) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one
with an opposite meaning (antonym)?
READING COMPREHENTION
TASK 5. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. What is the most important theme in our universe's story?
2. What does the notion of the multiverse mean?
3. When did the very first stars and galaxies emerge?
4. What does the expression “dark ages” mean?
5. What were the “dark ages” like?
6. How did the first stars differ from the stars of today?
7. What was the origin of the first galaxies?
8. How can the radiation emitted from primordial hydrogen clouds be
detected?
9. What has Einstein's general theory of relativity provided?
10. What does String theory predict?
6
TASK 6. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:
p
) t
b)
g
)
y
)
j
)
)
1. … was almost pitch-black through a time called…
2. … contained about one million solar masses of material each.
3. The first gravitationally bound objects in the cosmos were…
4. … was not able emit or absorb light.
5. In contrast to dark matter, hydrogen and helium gas…
6. The life of the first stars was…
7. The hydrogen was ionized by…
8. The theoretical foundation in our understanding of the evolution of
the universe was provided by…
9. The general theory of relativity cannot be relied upon to…
10. The existence of additional dimensions of space are predicted by…
11. The collision of our universe with another…
12. The idea of a multiverse is…
TASK 7. MATCH THE WORDS TO THEIR DEFINITIONS:
1) featureless a) a guess about something based on how it seems and
2
not on
entative
roof
existing or happening now
3) incorporate c) to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having
no stren
4
absorb d) the activity of guessing possible answers to a question
th
5) contemporary e) said or done in a careful but uncertain way because
ou do not know if you are right
6
collision f) looking the same in every part
7) speculation g) the violent coming together of two or more moving
ob
ects
8
conjecture h) to include something as part of something larger
9
collapse i) to take something in, especially gradually
TASK 8. TRANSLATE THE DEFINITIONS FROM EXERCISE 7
INTO RUSSIAN
TASK 9. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE
FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS
1. первоначальное происхождение
2. за пределами нашего понимания
3. слегка неровный
7
4. объекты, гравитационно связанные друг с другом
j
p
g
5. основная часть массы
6. первичные облака водорода
7. основополагающий элемент современной физики
8. бесконечное число не связанных друг с другом частей
WORD BUILDING
TASK 10. COMPLETE THE WORD FAMILIES IN THE TABLE
BELOW LIKE IN THE EXAMPLE. THANSLATE THEM INTO
RUSSIAN
Verb Noun Ad
detect detection
detectable …
ective Adverb
…
ex
lode … … …
… … … ori
inally
– mass … …
absorb …,
… –
…,
…
… … additional …
include … … …
SPEAKING
TASK 11. SPEAK ABOUT BIRTH OF THE UNIVERSE. USE THE
QUESTIONS IN TASK 5 AS A PLAN
TASK 12. DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WITH YOUR
PARTNER.
1. How do you see the beginning of the universe?
2. Do you agree with string theory? Would you combine it with the
concept of inflation?
3. In your opinion, what is multiverse like?
WRITING
HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY
A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece
of writing. A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have
8
to be long. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of
the original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to
communicate?
1. Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main
point.
In the text (article) “ …” the author presents (shows, describes ...) his
opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.
The text “ … ” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems
relating to..., provides information on...).
2. Write in the present tense.
At the beginning of the text / article the author characterizes...
(comments on ..., explains ..., analyses ...).
Attention is drawn to the fact that... . It should be noted that... .
3. Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily
follow your thoughts.
Next / Further / Then it is reported / shown that....
4. Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase.
Besides the author explains that ..., gives a detailed analyses of ... (the
description of ...). Finally the author comes to the conclusion that ... .
In conclusion ... .At the end of the text / article the author describes ...,
emphasizes that ..., points out that.., summarizes that ... .
5. Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the
summary. Your summary should have between 100 and 120 words.
TASK 13. WRITE THE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT “BIRTH OF
THE UNIVERSE”
TRANSLATION
TASK 14. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT FROM ENGLISH
INTO RUSSIAN. MAKE THE GLOSSARY TO IT.
The Dark Ages and large-scale structure emergenc
This period measures from 370,000 years until about 1 billion years.
After recombination and decoupling, the universe was transparent but the
clouds of hydrogen only collapsed very slowly to form stars and galaxies, so
there were no new sources of light. The only photons (electromagnetic
radiation, or "light") in the universe were those released during decoupling
(visible today as the cosmic microwave background) and 21 cm radio
emissions occasionally emitted by hydrogen atoms. The decoupled photons
would have filled the universe with a brilliant pale orange glow at first,
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gradually redshifting to non-visible wavelengths after about 3 million years,
leaving it without visible light. This period is known as the cosmic Dark Ages.
At some point around 200 to 500 million years, the earliest generations
of stars and galaxies form (exact timings are still being researched), and
early large structures gradually emerge, drawn to the foam-like dark
matter filaments which have already begun to draw together throughout the
universe. The earliest generations of stars have not yet been observed
astronomically. They may have been huge (100–300 solar masses) and nonmetallic, with very short lifetimes compared to most stars we see today, so
they commonly finish burning their hydrogen fuel and explode as highly
energetic pair-instability supernovae after mere millions of years. Other
theories suggest that they may have included small stars, some perhaps still
burning today. In either case, these early generations of supernovae created
most of the everyday elements we see around us today, and seeded the
universe with them.
Galaxy clusters and superclusters emerge over time. At some point,
high-energy photons from the earliest stars, dwarf galaxies and perhaps
quasars leads to a period of reionization that commences gradually between
about 250–500 million years and finishes by about 1 billion years (exact
timings still being researched). The Dark Ages only fully came to an end at
about 1 billion years as the universe gradually transitioned into the universe
we see around us today, but denser, hotter, more intense in star formation,
and more rich in smaller (particularly unbarred) spiral and irregular
galaxies, as opposed to giant elliptical galaxies.
While early stars have not been observed, some galaxies have been
observed from about 400 million years cosmic time (GN-z11 at redshift
z ≈ 11.1, just after the start of reionization); these are currently our early
observations of stars and galaxies. The James Webb Space Telescope,
launched in 2021, is intended to push this back to z ≈ 20 (180 million years
cosmic time), enough to see the first galaxies (≈270 My) and early stars
(≈100 to 180 My).
GRAMMAR FOCUS
MODAL VERBS
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
К модальным глаголам относятся глаголы can, may, must, ought to,
should .Модальные глаголы не имеют формы инфинитива, т. е. перед
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