Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский для инженеров-физиков. Фотоника и оптоинформатика. English for Students of Physics (Photonics). Учебное пособие
.pdf
MODULE 4. INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE
THE UNIVERSE
TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:
1. What instruments are used by astronomers to measure the universe?
2. What did you hear about the Hubble Space Telescope ? What is
unique about it?
VOCABULARY
1. boon – благо
2. near-infrared – ближний инфракрасный
3. ground-based – наземный
4. constrain – ограничить
5. Cepheid variable stars – переменные цефеиды
6. Virgo Cluster – скопление Девы
7. Accuracy – точность
8. consistent – постоянный
9. patch – пятно, участок
10. thereby – таким образом
TASK 2. READ THE TEXT:
Hubble Space Telescope
HST is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990
and remains in operation. It is one of the largest and most versatile
telescopes, renowned both as a vital research tool and as a public relations
boon for astronomy. It is named after astronomer Edwin Hubble and is one
of NASA’s Great Observatories.
Hubble features a 2.4 m mirror, and its five main instruments observe in
the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic
spectrum. Hubble’s orbit outside the distortion of Earth’s atmosphere allows
51
it to capture extremely high-resolution images with substantially lower
background light than ground-based telescopes. It has recorded some of the
most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space. Many
Hubble observations have led to breakthroughs in astrophysics, such
as determining the rate of expansion of the universe.
Age and expansion of the universe
Among its primary mission targets was to measure distances to Cepheid
variable stars more accurately than ever before, and thus constrain the
value of the Hubble constant, the measure of the rate at which the universe
is expanding, which is also related to its age. Before the launch of HST,
estimates of the Hubble constant typically had errors of up to 50%, but
Hubble measurements of Cepheid variables in the Virgo Cluster and other
distant galaxy clusters provided a measured value with an accuracy of
±10%, which is consistent with other more accurate measurements made
since Hubble’s launch using other techniques. The estimated age is now
about 13.7 billion years, but before the Hubble Telescope, scientists
predicted an age ranging from 10 to 20 billion years.
Black holes
The high-resolution spectra and images provided by the HST have been
especially well-suited to establishing the prevalence of black holes in the
center of nearby galaxies. While it had been hypothesized in the early 1960s
that black holes would be found at the centers of some galaxies, and
astronomers in the 1980s identified a number of good black hole candidates,
work conducted with Hubble shows that black holes are probably common
to the centers of all galaxies. The Hubble programs further established that
the masses of the nuclear black holes and properties of the galaxies are
closely related.
Extending visible wavelength images
A unique window on the Universe enabled by Hubble are the Hubble
Deep Field, Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, and Hubble Extreme Deep
Field images, which used Hubble’s unmatched sensitivity at visible
wavelengths to create images of small patches of sky that are the deepest
ever obtained at optical wavelengths. The images reveal galaxies billions of
light years away, thereby providing information about the early Universe,
and have accordingly generated a wealth of scientific papers.
52
Mass and size of Milky Way
l
In March 2019, observations from Hubble and data from the European
Space Agency's Gaia space observatory were combined to determine that
the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is approximately 1.5 trillion times the
mass of the Sun, a value intermediate between prior estimates.
Supernova reappearance
On 11 December 2015, Hubble captured an image of the first-ever
predicted reappearance of a supernova, dubbed “Refsdal”, which was
calculated using different mass models of a galaxy cluster whose gravity
is warping the supernova's light. The supernova was previously seen in
November 2014 behind galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 as part of
Hubble’s Frontier Fields program. The light from the cluster took roughly
five billion years to reach Earth, while the light from the supernova behind
it took five billion more years than that, as measured by their
respective redshifts. Because of the gravitational effect of the galaxy cluster,
four images of the supernova appeared instead of one, an example of
an Einstein cross. Based on early lens models, a fifth image was predicted to
reappear by the end of 2015. Refsdal reappeared as predicted in 2015.
DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
WORKING OUT THE MEANING OF UNKNOWN WORDS
TASK 3. THE FOLLOWING WORDS ARE ALL FROM THE TEXT
ABOVE. FIND THEM IN THE TEXT:
versatile renowned vital wel
-suited substantially
TASK 4. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS
IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1) Is the word positive, negative or neutral?
2) Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?
3) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one
with an opposite meaning (antonym)?
READING COMPREHENTION
TASK 5. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. What is HST? Why was it named so?
2. What does Hubble feature? What are its instruments?
53
3. What discoveries were made with the help of HST?
4. What was one of HST primary mission targets?
5. What is the Hubble constant?
6. What is the estimated age of the universe nowadays?
7. What was it before using HST?
8. How did HST help to establish the prevalence of blackholes in the
center of nearby galaxies?
9. How were obtained the data about the mass of the Milky Way
Galaxy?
10. What is “Refsdal”?
TASK 6. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:
1. …is able to capture extremely high-resolution images with…
2. Some of the most detailed visible light images…
3. Breakthroughs in astrophysics, such as determining the rate of
expansion of the universe…
4. A measured value with an accuracy of ±10% was...
5. An age ranging from 10 to 20 billion years was predicted…
6. A number of good black hole candidates was identified…
7. … are probably common to the centers of all galaxies.
8. It was… that … and … are closely related.
9. Information about the early Universe was obtained…
10. … reappeared in 2015.
TASK 7. MATCH THE WORDS TO THEIR DEFINITIONS:
1) distortion a) to a large degree
2) sensitive b) the fact of something existing or happening often
3) substantially c) to become damaged by bending or twisting
4) unmatched d) to appear again or return after a period of time
5) prevalence e) a number or symbol that represents an amount
6) warp f) having no equal
7) reappear g) having a strong physical reaction to something
8) value h) a change to the original or natural shape of something
9) redshift i) a process in which the light coming from far away
objects in space is seen to move from the blue end of
the spectrum
54
TASK 8. TRANSLATE THE DEFINITIONS FROM EXERCISE 7
INTO RUSSIAN
TASK 9. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE
FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:
1. до сих пор задействован
2. крайне важный исследовательский инструмент
3. получить изображения в очень высоком разрешении
4. позволяя заглянуть глубоко в космос
5. совпадает с другими более точными измерениями
6. выдвигались гипотезы, что…
7. данные были использованы вместе
8. создать изображения небольших участков неба
WORD BUILDING
TASK 10. COMPLETE THE WORD FAMILIES IN THE TABLE
BELOW LIKE IN THE EXAMPLE. THANSLATE THEM INTO
RUSSIAN
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
combine
…
… observatory,
… …
… …
…
… sensitivity … …
… value … …
… … … approximately
… … … substantially
… … public …
SPEAKING
TASK 11. SPEAK ABOUT HST. USE THE QUESTIONS IN TASK 5
AS A PLAN
TASK 12. DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS WITH YOUR
PARTNER
1. What discoveries made with the help of HST were not mentioned in
the text?
55
2. What are the prospects for further using of HST?
3. Can Hubble performance be improved in future?
WRITING
TASK 13. WRITE THE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT “HUBBLE
SPACE TELESCOPE”
TRANSLATION
TASK 14. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT FROM ENGLISH
INTO RUSSIAN. MAKE THE GLOSSARY TO IT.
Observatory Instruments
The Hubble Space Telescope has three types of instruments that
analyze light from the universe: cameras, spectrographs and
interferometers.
There are two primary camera systems to capture images of the cosmos.
Called the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and the Wide Field
Camera 3 (WFC3), these two systems work together to provide superb
wide-field imaging over a broad range of wavelengths.
Spectrographs practice spectroscopy, the science of breaking light down
to its component parts, similar to how a prism splits white light into a
rainbow. Any object that absorbs or emits light can be studied with a
spectrograph to determine characteristics such as temperature, density,
chemical composition and velocity.
Hubble currently utilizes two spectrographs: the Cosmic Origins
Spectrograph (COS) and the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph
(STIS). COS and STIS are complementary instruments that provide
scientists with detailed spectral data for a variety of celestial objects. While
STIS is a versatile, “all purpose” spectrograph that handles bright objects
well, COS measures exceedingly faint levels of ultraviolent light emanating
from distant cosmic sources, such as quasars in remote galaxies. Working
together, the two spectrographs provide a full set of spectroscopic tools for
astrophysical research.
Hubble’s interferometers serve a dual purpose — they help the
telescope maintain a steady aim and also serve as a scientific instrument.
The three interferometers aboard Hubble are called the Fine Guidance
Sensors. The Fine Guidance Sensors measure the relative positions and
brightnesses of stars.
56
When Hubble is pointing at a target, two of the three Fine Guidance
Sensors are used to lock the telescope onto the target. For certain
observations, the third Fine Guidance Sensor can be used to gather scientific
information about a target, such as a celestial object’s angular diameter or
star positions that are ten times more accurate than those obtained by
ground-based telescopes.
The Fine Guidance Sensors are very sensitive instruments. They seek
out stable point sources of light (known as “guide stars”) and then lock onto
them to keep the telescope pointing steadily. When a light in the sky is not a
point source, the Fine Guidance Sensor cannot lock on and so it rejects the
guide star. Often, a rejected guide star is actually a faraway galaxy or a
double-star system. Since Hubble was launched in 1990, the Fine Guidance
Sensors have detected hundreds of double-star systems that were previously
thought to be single stars.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
THE INFINITIVE
The Infinitive
The infinitive is a non-finite verb
form which consists of the base
form of the verb with the particle
"to": to do; to go; to play; to take;
to break; to find.
Properties and functions of the
infinitive
The infinitive has some properties
of the verb. The infinitive names
an action (to drive a car) or state
(to be sick), but cannot show
person, number, or mood. The
infinitive has active and passive
forms (to take; to be taken) and
can express voice and time,
though in a rather limited way.
Инфинитив
Инфинитив – неличная форма
глагола, которая состоит из базовой
формы глагола с частицей "to": to
do; to go; to play; to take; to break; to
find.
Свойства и функции инфинитива
Инфинитив имеет некоторые свойства глагола. Инфинитив называет
действие (to drive a car) или состояние (to be sick), но не показывает
лицо, число и наклонение. Инфинитив имеет активные и пассивные
формы (to take; to be taken) и может
выразить залог и время, хотя и в
весьма ограниченной форме.
57
The infinitive can have a direct
f
Ч
object (He plans to visit a
conference) or a prepositional
object (He wants to know about
it) and can be modified by an
adverb (He tried to speak slowly).
Инфинитив может иметь прямое дополнение (Он планирует посетить
конференцию) или предложное дополнение (Он хочет знать об этом)
и может определяться наречием (Он
старался говорить медленно).
The infinitive can be part of the
compound verbal predicate (She
can drive; We must go) or part o
the compound nominal predicate
(His aim is to help you). The
infinitive alone, without another
verb, is generally not used as the
predicate.
The infinitive has some properties
of the noun and can be in the
function of the subject (To quit
now would be a mistake) or of an
object (She asked me to wait).
The infinitive can be in the
function of an attribute (He has no
desire to see them).
The infinitive can function as an
adverbial modifier of purpose (He
came here to study) or as an adverbial modifier of consequence (He
was too tired to go to the cinema).
Use of particle "to"
Инфинитив может быть частью
составного глагольного сказуемого
(Она умеет водить; Мы должны
идти) или частью составного
именного сказуемого (Его цель –
помочь вам). Один инфинитив, без
другого глагола, обычно не употребляется как сказуемое.
Инфинитив имеет некоторые свойства существительного и может
быть в функции подлежащего
(Прекратить сейчас было бы ошибкой) или дополнения (Она попросила меня подождать). Инфинитив
может быть в функции определения
(У него нет желания видеть их).
Инфинитив может функционировать
как обстоятельство цели (Он приехал сюда учиться) или как обстоятельство следствия (Он слишком
устал, чтобы идти в кино).
Употребление частицы "to"
As a rule, the infinitive is
preceded by the particle "to".
The particle "to" is omitted after
modal verbs (You can go; You
must take it), after the verbs
Как правило, перед инфинитивом
употребляется частица "to".
астица "to" опускается после
модальных глаголов (Вы можете
идти; Вы должны взять это), после
58
"make, let" (Make him eat; Let
b
b
her play), after the verb "help" in
American English (Help me find
my book), and in constructions
like "She saw him leave; He heard
her sing".
глаголов "make, let" (Заставьте его
поесть; Дайте ей поиграть), после
глагола "help" в американском
английском (Помогите мне найти
мою книгу) и в конструкциях типа
«Она видела, как он ушёл; Он
слышал, как она пела».
How infinitives express time
The infinitive can express time
only relatively, i.e., in relation to
the action expressed by the verb
in the predicate.
The action indicated by the
infinitive can be simultaneous with
the action expressed by the verb
in the predicate: He seemed to be
sleeping. He is trying to work.
The action indicated by the
infinitive can precede the action
expressed by the verb in the predicate: The rain seems to have stopped. It is nice to have talked to you.
Forms of the infinitive
The infinitive has the following
active and passive forms: simple
(to write), continuous (to be
writing), perfect (to have written),
perfect continuous (to have been
writing), simple passive (to be
written), perfect passive (to have
een written). The examples
elow illustrate the use of the
infinitive forms in sentences.
Как инфинитив выражает время
Инфинитив может выражать время
только относительно, т. е. по
отношению к действию, выраженному глаголом в сказуемом.
Действие, указанное инфинитивом,
может быть одновременным с действием, выраженным глаголом в
сказуемом: Казалось, он спал. Он
пытается работать.
Действие, указанное инфинитивом,
может предшествовать действию,
выраженному глаголом в сказуемом:
Кажется, дождь перестал. Было
приятно поговорить с вами.
Формы инфинитива
Инфинитив имеет следующие
активные и пассивные формы:
simple (to write), continuous (to be
writing), perfect (to have written),
perfect continuous (to have been
writing), simple passive (to be written),
perfect passive (to have been written).
Примеры ниже иллюстрируют употребление форм инфинитива в предложениях.
59
I asked him to write a report.
b
He is supposed to be writing a
report now.
He appears to have written a
report already.
He seems to have been writing a
report for two hours already.
Я попросил его написать доклад.
Предполагается, что он пишет
доклад сейчас.
Похоже, он уже написал доклад.
Кажется, он пишет доклад уже
в течение двух часов.
I expect his report to be written
tomorrow.
I expect his report to have been
written by now.
Simple active and passive forms
are the most common. Compound
(analytical) forms of the infinitive
are not used very often in general
speech and writing.
Typical constructions with
infinitives
Verb + infinitive
In this construction the infinitive
stands immediately after the verb,
usually after the following verbs:
afford, agree, appear, ask, beg,
egin, continue, decide, deserve,
expect, fail, forget, hate, hesitate,
hope, intend, learn, like, love,
manage, mean, need, offer, plan,
prefer, prepare, pretend, promise,
refuse, regret, remember, seem,
start, threaten, try, want, would like.
Я ожидаю, что его доклад будет
написан завтра.
Я ожидаю, что его доклад уже
написан к настоящему моменту.
Простые активная и пассивная
формы наиболее употребительны.
Сложные (аналитические) формы
инфинитива не очень часто употребляются в обычной устной и письменной речи.
Типичные конструкции с инфинитивом
Глагол + инфинитив
В этой конструкции инфинитив
стоит сразу после глагола, обычно
после следующих глаголов: afford,
agree, appear, ask, beg, begin,
continue, decide, deserve, expect, fail,
forget, hate, hesitate, hope, intend,
learn, like, love, manage, mean, need,
offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend,
promise, refuse, regret, remember,
seem, start, threaten, try, want, would
like.
60
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]