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Verb + object + infinitive
The constructions Verb + object +
infinitive are divided into four
groups here according to the type
of construction and the meaning
that these constructions convey
after certain verbs. The infinitive
functions as an object in such
constructions and stands after
another object expressed by a
noun or a pronoun.
Глагол + дополнение + инфинитив
Конструкции Verb + object + infi-
nitive разделены здесь на четыре
группы согласно типу конструкции
и значению, которое эти конструкции передают после определённых
глаголов. Инфинитив функционирует как дополнение в таких
конструкциях и стоит после другого
дополнения, выраженного существительным или местоимением.
Complex Object
In this construction, the infinitive
is used after the verbs "advise,
allow, ask, beg, convince,
encourage, forbid, force, help,
hire, instruct, invite, let, make,
order, permit, persuade, remind,
teach, tell, urge, warn". Note that
the infinitive is used without the
particle "to" after the verbs
"make, let" (and "help" in AmE).
He asked her to speak slowly.
Also, the infinitive is used after
the verbs "want, would like,
require, rely on, count on, expect,
consider, find".
I want you to do something for
me.
Note the use of the passive infinitive in those cases where the
person indicated in the object un-
Сложное дополнение
В этой конструкции инфинитив
употребляется после глаголов
"advise, allow, ask, beg, convince,
encourage, forbid, force, help, hire,
instruct, invite, let, make, order,
permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell,
urge, warn". Обратите внимание, что
инфинитив употребляется без
частицы "to" после глаголов "make,
let" (и "help" в AmE).
Он попросил её говорить медленно.
Также,инфинитив употребляется
после глаголов "want, would like,
require, rely on, count on, expect,
consider, find".
Я хочу, чтобы ты сделал кое-что для
меня.
Обратите внимание на употребление
пассивного инфинитива в тех случаях, где лицо, указанное в допол-
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dergoes the action of the infinitive
(i.e., that person does not perform
the action himself / herself).
нении, подвергается действию инфинитива (т. е. это лицо не само выполняет действие).
She wants him to be elected.
Also, the infinitive without "to" is
used after the verbs of sense
perception "hear, see, watch,
observe, notice, feel".
I saw him cross the street.
Infinitive after linking verb BE
The infinitive after the linking
verb BE is part of the compound
nominal predicate.
His aim was to help them.
Your duty is to study.
Your task is to do these exercises.
His assistant's main task is to
gather information for research.
Infinitives after adjectives
The infinitive as an object is used
after many adjectives and
participles, for example, after
"able, afraid, amused, anxious,
ashamed, astonished, careful, delighted, determined, disappointed,
eager, free, frightened, glad, grateful, happy, interested, lucky,
pleased, prepared, proud, ready,
relieved, reluctant, sad, shocked,
sorry, surprised, terrified, willing".
Она хочет, чтобы его избрали.
Также инфинитив без "to" упот-
ребляется после глаголов чувственного восприятия "hear, see, watch,
observe, notice, feel".
Я видел, как он перешёл улицу.
Инфинитив после глагола-связки BE
Инфинитив после глагола-связки BE
является частью составного именного сказуемого.
Его целью было помочь им.
Ваша обязанность – учиться.
Ваше задание – сделать эти упраж-
нения.
Главная задача его ассистента – соби-
рать информацию для исследования.
Инфинитив после прилагательных
Инфинитив как дополнение
употребляется после многих прилагательных и причастий, например,
после "able, afraid, amused, anxious,
ashamed, astonished, careful,
delighted, determined, disappointed,
eager, free, frightened, glad, grateful,
happy, interested, lucky, pleased,
prepared, proud, ready, relieved, reluctant, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised,
terrified, willing".
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This construction is often used to
describe people's feelings in
relation to the action expressed by
the infinitive.
She is afraid to go there alone.
The infinitives "to hear, to see, to
learn, to discover, to find" are
often used after the adjectives
"glad, happy, delighted, disappointed, surprised, sorry".
Эта конструкция часто используется
для описания чувств людей по
отношению к действию, указанному
инфинитивом.
Она боится идти туда одна.
Инфинитивы "to hear, to see, to learn,
to discover, to find" часто употребляются после прилагательных
"glad, happy, delighted, disappointed,
surprised, sorry".
She was glad to hear that.
Infinitives in constructions after
formal subject IT
The infinitive may be used as the
subject of the sentence. For
example:
To find him was difficult.
The infinitive in this construction
is often used after the following
adjectives and participles: advisable, amazing, awful, bad, convenient, careless, correct, cruel,
dangerous, desirable, difficult,
easy, foolish, funny, good, great,
hard, helpful, important, impossible, interesting, intolerable, natural, necessary, nice, pleasant, possible, reasonable, ridiculous, silly,
strange, surprising, terrible, unbearable, undesirable, unnecessary,
unpleasant, unreasonable, useful,
useless, wise, wonderful, wrong.
Она была рада слышать это.
Инфинитив в конструкциях после
формального подлежащего IT
Инфинитив может употребляться
как подлежащее в предложении.
Например:
Найти его было трудно.
Инфинитив в этой конструкции
часто употребляется после следующих прилагательных и причастий:
advisable, amazing, awful, bad, convenient, careless, correct, cruel, dangerous, desirable, difficult, easy, foolish,
funny, good, great, hard, helpful, important, impossible, interesting,
intolerable, natural, necessary, nice,
pleasant, possible, reasonable, ridiculous, silly, strange, surprising, terrible,
unbearable, undesirable, unnecessary,
unpleasant, unreasonable, useful, useless, wise, wonderful, wrong.
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It is useless to talk to him.
The infinitive in this construction
is used after various nouns, for
example, after "duty, fun, idea, mistake, pleasure, surprise, thing, time".
It is time to leave.
Бесполезно говорить с ним.
Инфинитив в этой конструкции
употребляется после различных существительных, например, после "duty,
fun, idea, mistake, pleasure, surprise,
thing, time".
Пора уходить.
Infinitive of purpose
The infinitive is often used as an
adverbial modifier of purpose. In
this function the infinitive may be
preceded by "in order" or "so as".
He went to London in order to
study English.
She came here to study.
I went out to buy bread and milk.
He did it to help her.
Press Enter to start the installation.
For emphasis, the infinitive of
purpose is sometimes placed at
the beginning of the sentence.
To understand his stories, you
need to know where he grew up.
Infinitive of consequence
Инфинитив цели
Инфинитив часто употребляется как
обстоятельство цели. В этой
функции перед инфинитивом может
стоять "in order" или "so as".
Он поехал в Лондон, чтобы изучать
английский язык.
Она приехала сюда учиться.
Я вышел, чтобы купить хлеб и
молоко.
Он сделал это, чтобы помочь ей.
Нажмите Enter, чтобы начать установку.
Для усиления, инфинитив цели
иногда ставится в начале предложения.
Чтобы понять его рассказы, вам
нужно знать, где он вырос.
Инфинитив следствия
The infinitive is also used as an
adverbial modifier of consequence, with the adverbs "too"
and "enough".
Инфинитив также употребляется как
обстоятельство следствия, с наречиями "too" и "enough".
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I was too tired to notice it.
Ч
It is too late to call him now.
He is too young to be a manager.
She is old enough to understand
it.
I don't know this subject well
enough to discuss it with you.
Set expressions with infinitives
Я слишком устал, чтобы заметить
это.
Слишком поздно звонить ему
сейчас.
Он слишком молод, чтобы быть
менеджером.
Она достаточно взрослая, чтобы
понять это.
Я знаю этот предмет не настолько
хорошо, чтобы обсуждать его с вами.
Устойчивые выражения с инфинитивом
Set expressions containing
infinitives, such as "needless to
say; so to speak; to be quite frank;
to make matters worse; to put it
mildly; to say the least; to tell the
truth", are used as parenthetical
words. For example:
To be quite frank, I didn't want to
lend him my books.
Needless to say, he lost my books.
Устойчивые выражения, содержащие инфинитив, такие как
"needless to say; so to speak; to be
quite frank; to make matters worse; to
put it mildly; to say the least; to tell the
truth", употребляются как вводные
слова. Например:
естно говоря, я не хотел давать ему
мои книги.
Не стоит и говорить, что он потерял
мои книги.
TASK 15. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES PAYING
ATTENTION TO THE INFINITIVE:
1. To solve this complicated problem is an actual task in our
investigation.
2. He expected to discover more accurate figures in the course of the
experiment.
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3. He was one of the first scientists to appreciate the importance of
complex numbers.
4. It is a peculiar thing to do.
5. He was able to create an ingenious method.
6. To complete the survey, you have to collect more data.
7. You might prefer to experiment with these substances.
8. This approach gives you great power to reveal hidden relations
between these methods.
9. Nowadays scientists tend to take these benefits for granted.
10. It is hard to believe that they achieved such great progress.
TASK 16. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING
DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE INFINITIVE:
1. Это позволяет нам производить оборудование нового поко-
ления.
2. Он, должно быть, обдумывает результаты своей работы.
3. Мы довольны тем, что получили подобные данные.
4. Было бы отлично выполнить проект до наступления крайнего
срока.
5. Нам надо закончит множество экспериментов.
6. Установку следует демонтировать.
7. Ему надо
попросит техника починить станок.
8. Руководитель заставил его повторить эксперимент.
9. Оказывается, они талантливые ученые.
10. Натрий и хлор соединяются, образуя хлорид натрия.
TASK 17. COMBINE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PAIRS
OF SENTENCES INTO ONE USING ‘ENOUGH’:
Follow the example given below.
She is clever. She can answer the question. – She is clever enough to
answer the question.
1. The data were sufficient. We could conduct a survey.
2. The arguments are strong. He can prove his viewpoint.
3. The equipment is new. The mechanics can make the moulds.
4. The experiments are numerous. They can come to a definite
conclusion.
5. They are prepared. They can answer the opponents questions.
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TASK 18. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES PAYING ATTENTION
TO THE COMPLEX SUBJECT:
1. The plane was reported to have landed safely.
2. He is considered to be a good specialist.
3. He is said to be working on this report.
4. That project was declared to have taken the first place.
5. The conference was supposed to be making great progress.
TASK 19. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING
THE PASSIVE INFINITIVE.
1. Мы хотим, чтобы предложение было принято.
2. Я бы хотел, чтобы эксперимент был проведен прямо сейчас.
3. Мы не хотим, чтобы станок демонтировали.
4. Руководитель хочет, чтобы проблема была решена немедленно.
5. Мы ожидаем, что факты будут доказаны.
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MODULE 5. THE BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSICS
TASK 1. BEFORE YOU READ:
1. What is physics as a science? What does it deal with?
2. Can you enumerate any physical theories?
3. What physical phenomena do you know?
VOCABULARY
1. boundary – граница
2. to revive – возрождать
3. to validate – подтвердить, обосновать
4. comprehensive – всеобъемлющий
5. equation – уравнение
6. to recede – отступать, удаляться
7. nuclear fission – атомное деление, ядерный распад
8. to recruit – нанимать, привлекать
9. beta decay – бета-распад (β-распад)
10. to disprove – опровергнуть
11. parity – паритет, равенство,
12. iconoclastic – иконоборческий, направленный против предрас-
судков
TASK 2. READ THE TEXT
The Birth of Modern Physics
The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient
thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric
model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was
followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes
Kepler in the early 17th century, which proposed that the planets follow
elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo (“Father of
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Modern Physics”) also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method. William Gilbert did some of the
earliest experiments with electricity and magnetism, establishing that the
Earth itself is magnetic.
In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing
two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton’s laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity.
During the late 18th and early 19th century, the behavior of electricity
and magnetism was studied by Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini, Alessandro
Volta, Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm, and others. These studies led to the
unification of the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism,
by James Clerk Maxwell (known as Maxwell’s equations).
The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in
physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in
all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels
Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous
experimental results, by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did
quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small
scales, but the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915,
showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian
mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist.
In 1925, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger formulated
quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. The
observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies
recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that
the universe is expanding, and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by
Georges Lemaître.
In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with
radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch
wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was
later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments
took place during World War II, which led to the practical application of
radar and the development and use of the atomic bomb.
Around this time, Chien-Shiung Wu was recruited by the Manhattan
Project to help develop a process for separating uranium metal into U-235
and U-238 isotopes by Gaseous diffusion. She was an expert
experimentalist in beta decay and weak interaction physics. Wu designed an
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experiment that enabled theoretical physicists Tsung-Dao Lee and ChenNing Yang to disprove the law of parity experimentally, winning them a
Nobel Prize in 1957.
Though the process had begun with the invention of the cyclotron by
Ernest O. Lawrence in the 1930s, physics in the postwar period entered into
a phase of what historians have called “Big Science”, requiring massive machines, budgets, and laboratories in order to test their theories and move into
new frontiers. The primary patron of physics became state governments,
who recognized that the support of “basic” research could often lead to
technologies useful to both military and industrial applications.
Currently, general relativity and quantum mechanics are inconsistent
with each other, and efforts are underway to unify the two. The last century
brought discoveries such as relativity and quantum mechanics, which, again,
required scientists to look at things in a completely different way. It makes
you wonder what the iconoclastic discoveries of this century will be.
DEVELOPING ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
TASK 3. FOR EACH WORD, READ THE SENTENCE IT OCCURS
IN AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
relativity fission decay require inconsistent
a) Is the word positive, negative or neutral?
b) Is it a noun, adjective, adverb or verb?
c) Can you think of a word with a similar meaning (synonym) and one
with an opposite meaning (antonym)?
READING COMPREHENTION
TASK 4. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS:
1. Who proposed the first known model of planetary motion?
2. What was William Gilbert’s contribution to physics?
3. What did Isaac Newton detail in his Principia Mathematica?
4. What did the study of the behavior of electricity and magnetism by
Galvani, Faraday, Volta and Ohm lead to?
5. Were the long-help theories of Newton shown to be correct in all cir-
cumstances?
6. What did the quantum theory explain?
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