Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский для инженеров-физиков. Фотоника и оптоинформатика. English for Students of Physics (Photonics). Учебное пособие
.pdf
7. What observations led to the understanding and formulation of the
Big Bang theory?
8. Who discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods?
9. What project did Chien-Shiung Wu participate in?
10. Which period is called “Big Science” by the historians?
TASK 5. READ THE WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS AND
GUESS THEIR MEANING
1. scientific revolution fundamental force of gravity
2. solar system unification
3. model of planetary motion phenomenon
4. elliptical orbits anomalous
5. universal gravitation atomic bomb
TASK 6. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES:
1. The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between...
2. The theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915,
showed...
3. The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which
galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that...
4. In 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first
theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which...
5. Chien-Shiung Wu was recruited by...
6. Physics in the postwar period entered into...
7. Currently, general relativity and quantum mechanics are...
8. The last century brought discoveries such as...
TASK 7. READ THE TEXT AND COMPLETE THE TABLE
BELOW:
Period of time (century, year)
Scientist
Contribution to science
71
TASK 8. GIVE THE ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS OF THE
FOLLOWING WORDS AND WORD COMBINATIONS:
1. гелиоцентрическая модель Солнечной системы
2. первая известная модель движения планет
3. удостовериться в правильности теории
4. законы всемирного тяготения
5. объединение двух явлений в единую теорию
6. быть правильным при любых обстоятельствах
7. объяснять аномальные экспериментальные результаты
8. теоретическое описание процесса распада
9. дать возможность опровергнуть результаты эксперимента
10. смотреть на вещи
совершенно по-другому
TASK 9. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:
1. Иоганн Кеплер разработал модель планетарного движения планет, согласно которой они движутся по эллиптической орбите.
2. Квантовая теория делала попытку объяснить различные аномальные результаты экспериментов.
3. Закон всемирного тяготения Ньютона описывал фундаментальную силу гравитации.
4. Теории Ньютона не были правильными при всех возможных обстоятельствах.
5. Исследования
физиков-теоретиков позволяют опровергнуть не-
которые экспериментальные результаты.
6. За последнее столетие появились такие открытия как теория относительности и квантовая механика.
WORD BUILDING
TASK 10. FORM NOUNS ADDING THE SUFFIXES –ER, -OR TO
THE GIVEN VERBS. TRANSLATE THE NOUNS AND VERBS
Example:
to design – a designer (конструировать – конструктор)
to detect – a detector (определять – детектор)
1. to build
2. to operate
72
3. to contain
4. to receive
5. to read
6. to produce
7. to transmit
8. to invent
9. to discover
GRAMMAR FOCUS
THE PASSIVE VOICE
An active sentence like I conducted this experiment has the subject
first (the person or thing that does the verb), followed by the verb, and
finally the object (the person or thing that the action happens to).
So, in this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'conducted' and the
object is 'this experiment'.
But, we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want
to put the object first, or perhaps we don't want to say who did something.
This can happen for lots of reasons. In this case, we can use a passive,
which puts the object first:
This experiment was conducted by me (we can add 'by me' if we want,
but it isn't necessary).
How to make the Passive in English
We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we
need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the
past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played.
Tense Active Passive
present simple
present
I make a mistake. A mistake is made (by me).
I am making a mistake. A mistake is being made (by me).
continuous
past simple
past continuous
present perfect
I made a mistake. A mistake was made (by me).
I was making a
mistake.
I have made a
mistake.
A mistake was being made (by
me).
A mistake has been made (by
me).
73
past perfect I had made a mistake. A mistake had been made (by
me).
future simple
I will make a mistake. A mistake will be made (by
me).
future perfect
I will have made a
mistake.
A mistake will have been made
(by me).
Verbs with two objects
Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active
sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:
Give
Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.
You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive
sentence.
Passive: I was given the book (by him)/ The book was given to me
(by him).
Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell,
throw.
The passive in subordinate clauses
You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and
a normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.
Active: I thought that Mary had asked John.
Passive: I thought that John had been asked by Mary.
Active: He knew that people had built the University in 1915.
Passive: He knew that the University had been built in 1915.
You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive
infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.
He loves being read to.
She would like to be promoted.
When should we use the Passive?
1. When we want to change the focus of the sentence:
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more
interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)
74
2. When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant
or obvious or 'people in general':
He was arrested (obvious agent, the police).
My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).
The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).
The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general).
3. In factual or scientific writing:
The chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the
computer.
4. In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these
can be used in speaking or informal writing):
The brochure will be finished next month.
5. In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to
improve style:
Three books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by
Dr. Bell. ('Dr. Bell wrote the books' sound clumsy)
6. When the subject is very long:
I was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural
than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')
TASK 11. READ THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND SAY
WHICH OF THEM ARE IN THE ACTIVE AND WHICH ARE IN THE
PASSIVE VOICE. TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN
1. While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the
laboratory.
2. A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant.
3. At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of
researchers.
4. The apparatus will be working when you come.
5. The scientists who are carrying out research into technologies deal
with the most difficult problems.
6. For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by
two ventilators.
7. The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into
electric energy.
75
8. This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.
9. For a long time electronic devices were being used for control.
10. An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at
our Institute.
11. Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by
everybody.
12. Now solar energy is being studied by a lot of research groups.
13. We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not
find it.
14. The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system.
15. Our laboratory is housed in an old building.
TASK 12. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING WORD GROUPS.
STATE THE TENSE AND THE FORMS OF THE PREDICATES
1. the lecture started
2. the scientists are obtaining
3. the colleagues realized
4. the satellite was on its orbit
5. the properties depended
6. the stream is being broadcast
7. the chemist was searching
8. a new technology was demonstrated
9. the elements constituted
10. the student was being examined
11. new results were being obtained
12. the discovery established
WRITING
TASK 13. WRITE THE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT “THE BIRTH
OF MODERN PHYSICS”
SPEAKING
TASK 14. SPEAK ABOUT THE BIRTH OF MODERN PHYSICS.
USE QUESTIONS IN AFTER READING ACTIVITIES AS A PLAN.
USE THE SUMMARY ABOVE
76
TASK 15. IN PAIRS DISCUSS THE PROGRESS MADE IN YOUR
FIELD OF SCIENCE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LIFE TODAY. USE
THE QUESTIONS FROM SECTION A AND POSSIBLE ANSWERS
FROM SECTION B
Section A
1. What is your field of science?
2. What are the current issues in your field of science?
3. What are the main notions / terms of your field of science?
4. What is your particular area of research?
5. What are the latest achievements in your field of science / research?
6. Can you name some outstanding researchers in your field of science?
What contribution have they made?
7. Do achievements in your branch of science/research influence every-
day life? In what way?
8. What further developments can you predict in your field of science/
research?
Section B
1. I do research in the field of ... .
2. It is the science / a comparatively new branch of science that studies ...
The field of science that I’m concerned with gathers knowledge about .../
deals with ...
3. The main notions/terms are ...
4. My current area of research is ... .
5. Major developments include advances in ... .
TRANSLATION
TASK 16. READ AND TRANSLATE THE TEXT FROM ENGLISH
INTO RUSSIAN. MAKE THE GLOSSARY TO IT.
MILESTONES OF MODERN PHYSICS
Atomistic theory
The atomistic theory originated among Greek thinkers like Tales of
Miletus and the atomists Democritus and Leucipo. For these thinkers, the
matter was made up of smaller, indestructible, and indivisible particles,
which were called atoms. The atomistic theory gained strength thanks to the
77
different atomic models proposed throughout physical studies. Below are
some important scientists and their atomic theories:
John Dalton: believed that atoms were massive and indivisible and
that substances were formed by atomic combinations of different
proportions.
JJ Thomson: according to this scientist, electrons, which have a
negative electric charge, were scattered on the surface of a positive charge.
Ernest Rutherford: for Rutherford, atoms had a positive electrical
charge concentrated in an extremely dense and reduced region, called the
atomic nucleus.
Niels Bohr: according to Bohr’s model, electrons were located
around atomic nuclei with quantized energy, that is, they occupied only
specific levels of energy, which were multiples of a smaller amount.
The current conception of what atoms are has had several contributions
throughout history, going through several changes. Some of the most
important proposals for our understanding of atoms and matter came from
physicists like De’Broglie, Heisenberg, and Schröedinger.
Louis de Broglie: proposed the existence of matter waves, a property
that explains the dual behavior of electrons.
Werner Heisenberg: proposed the uncertainty principle, indicating
that it would not be possible to determine, simultaneously and with total
precision, the position and the number of movements of the quantum
particles.
Erwin Schröedinger: through his equation, he was able to determine
the most likely regions to find an electron around the atomic nucleus.
→ Blackbody radiation
For physics, it is classified as body black anybody able to absorb all
incident radiation on it, reissuing it in the form of thermal radiation
according to their temperature. The problem with blackbody radiation was
one of the main open questions in physics in the early 20th century. Using
the hypothesis of quantizing the energy of electromagnetic waves emitted
by black bodies, the German physicist Max Planck presented the solution to
this problem.
→ Oil drop experiment
The oil drop experiment, carried out by physicist Robert Andrews
Millikan, was able to determine the order of magnitude of the electron
78
charge. The apparatus used in this experiment consisted of a spray bottle,
which splashed oil droplets between two plates electrically charged in the
vertical direction so that the droplets remained static in the air. Until the
realization of this experiment, the charge of electrons was not known, only
the ratio between its charge and its mass.
→ Franck-Hertz experiment
The experiment of Franck-Hertz validated the atomic model proposed
by Niels Bohr. This experiment showed that it is only possible to excite the
atoms of gas from specific energy levels, as well as predicting the
quantization of energy levels, proposed by Bohr.
→ Rutherford experiment
Rutherford’s famous experiment was actually carried out by two of his
students, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden. In this experiment, a thin sheet
of gold was bombarded by alpha particles at high speed. It was noticed that,
after the collision, the angles of some of these particles varied a lot. In
addition, in some cases, alpha particles were ricocheted, which suggested
the existence of heavy and extremely dense atomic nuclei.
→ Discovery of gravitational lenses
The phenomenon of the gravitational lens occurs due to the distortion of
space-time exerted by large masses, such as those of stars and planets.
According to general relativity, proposed by Albert Einstein, the gravity
exerted by massive bodies is the result of deformation in the space-time
relief. As a result, when propagating through the deformed space-time, the
light would suffer a deviation. This phenomenon was observed by
astronomers by measuring the duration of the total solar eclipse in 1919.
The measurements were made simultaneously in the city of Sobral, located
in the state of Ceará, and in São Tomé and Príncipe.
→ Michelson-Morley experiment
The Michelson-Morley experiment proved that electromagnetic waves
are capable of propagating in the vacuum itself, so they do not need a means
for this. To prove this property, researchers Albert Michelson and Edward
Morley used a large interferometer immersed in a pool filled with mercury.
In this way, vibrations of any kind, capable of affecting the extremely
sensitive measure, would be avoided.
In the experiment in question, the time for the light to be reflected by
precisely aligned mirrors was measured. If the Earth moves in the medium
79
in which the light spreads, small deviations in the reflected beams should be
observed, which did not happen. Thus, the researchers proved the proposed
theory.
→ Photoelectric effect
The photoelectric effect was a phenomenon without a satisfactory
explanation until the studies developed by Albert Einstein. For explaining
this effect, Einstein was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics. Through Max
Planck’s idea, Albert Einstein expanded the energy quantization theory of
blackbody radiation to any type of radiation, thus establishing the notion of
wave-particle duality.
General relativity
The relativity general is a generalization of the special theory of
relativity, also developed by German physicist Albert Einstein. According
to this theory, massive bodies, like planets and stars, are capable of
deforming the weave, or the relief, of space-time. This deformation, in turn,
gives rise to gravity.
80
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]