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Файл:Английский для инженеров-физиков. Фотоника и оптоинформатика. English for Students of Physics (Photonics). Учебное пособие
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MODULE 6. PROMINENT PHYSICISTS
BEFORE YOU READ:
1. Do you know any names of prominent Russian physicists? What are
they?
2. What can you say about their contributions to science?
3. What do you know about foreign physicists?
READING
TASK 1. READ THE TEXT AND FILL IN THE GLOSSARY.
TRANSLATE THE TEXT FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN
Prominent Russian Physicists
Pyotr Kapitsa
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (8 July 1894 – 8 April 1984) was a leading
Soviet physicist, engineer and Nobel laureate, best known for his work in
low-temperature physics.
Biography
Kapitsa was born in Kronstadt, Russian Empire, to BessarabianVolhynian-born parents Leonid Petrovich Kapitsa (Romanian Leonid
Petrovici Capița), a military engineer who constructed fortifications, and
Olga Ieronimovna Kapitsa from a noble Polish Stebnicki family. Besides
Russian, the Kapitsa family also spoke Romanian.
Kapitsa's studies were interrupted by the First World War, in which he
served as an ambulance driver for two years on the Polish front.He
graduated from the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute in 1918. His wife and
two children died in the flu epidemic of 1918–19. He subsequently studied
in Britain, working for over ten years with Ernest Rutherford in the
Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge, and founding the
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influential Kapitza club. He was the first director (1930–34) of the Mond
Laboratory in Cambridge.
In the 1920s he originated techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic
fields by injecting high current for brief periods into specially constructed
air-core electromagnets. In 1928 he discovered the linear dependence of
resistivity on magnetic field strength in various metals for very strong
magnetic fields.
In 1934 Kapitsa returned to Russia to visit his parents but the Soviet
Union prevented him from travelling back to Great Britain.
As his equipment for high-magnetic field research remained in
Cambridge (although later Ernest Rutherford negotiated with the British
government the possibility of shipping it to the USSR), he changed the
direction of his research to the study of low temperature phenomena,
beginning with a critical analysis of the existing methods for achieving low
temperatures. In 1934 he developed new and original apparatus (based on
the adiabatic principle) for making significant quantities of liquid helium.
Kapitsa formed the Institute for Physical Problems, in part using
equipment which the Soviet government bought from the Mond Laboratory
in Cambridge (with the assistance of Rutherford, once it was clear that
Kapitsa would not be permitted to return).
In Russia, Kapitsa began a series of experiments to study liquid helium,
leading to the discovery in 1937 of its superfluidity (not to be confused with
superconductivity). He reported the properties of this new state of matter in
a series of papers, for which he was later awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physics "for basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature
physics".
In 1939 he developed a new method for liquefaction of air with a lowpressure cycle using a special high-efficiency expansion turbine.
Consequently, during World War II he was assigned to head the Department
of Oxygen Industry attached to the USSR Council of Ministers, where he
developed his low-pressure expansion techniques for industrial purposes.
He invented high power microwave generators (1950–1955) and discovered
a new kind of continuous high pressure plasma discharge with electron
temperatures over 1,000,000 K.
In November 1945, Kapitsa quarreled with Lavrentiy Beria, head of the
NKVD and in charge of the Soviet atomic bomb project, writing to Joseph
Stalin about Beria's ignorance of physics and his arrogance. Stalin backed
Kapitsa, telling Beria he had to cooperate with the scientists. Kapitsa
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refused to meet Beria: "If you want to speak to me, then come to the
Institute." Stalin offered to meet Kapitsa, but this never happened.
Immediately after the war, a group of prominent Soviet scientists
(including Kapitsa in particular) lobbied the government to create a new
technical university, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Kapitsa taught there for many years. From 1957, he was also a member of
the presidium of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and at his death in 1984
was the only presidium member who was not also a member of the
Communist Party.
In 1966, Kapitsa was allowed to visit Cambridge to receive the
Rutherford Medal and Prize. While dining at his old college, Trinity, he
found he did not have the required gown. He asked to borrow one, but a
college servant asked him when he last dined at high table, "Thirty-two
years" replied Kapitza. Within moments the servant returned, not with any
gown, but Kapitsa's own.
In 1978, Kapitsa won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his basic
inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics" and was
also cited for his long term role as a leader in the development of this area.
He shared the prize with Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson,
who won for discovering the cosmic microwave background.
Kapitsa resistance is the thermal resistance (which causes a temperature
discontinuity) at the interface between liquid helium and a solid. The
Kapitsa–Dirac effect is a quantum mechanical effect consisting of the
diffraction of electrons by a standing wave of light. In fluid dynamics, the
Kapitza number is a dimensionless number characterizing the flow of thin
films of fluid down an incline.
Personal life
Kapitsa was married in 1927 to Anna Alekseevna Krylova (1903-1996),
daughter of applied mathematician Aleksey Krylov. They had two sons,
Sergey and Andrey. Sergey Kapitsa (1928–2012) was a physicist and
demographer. He had the nickname "Centaurus". This arose when once
Artem Alikhanian asked Kapitsas' student Shalnikov "is your supervisor a
human or a beast?" to which Shalnikov responded that he is a Centaurus, i.e.
he can be human but also he can get angry and hit you with hooves like a
horse.Kapitsa was also the host of the popular and long-running Russian
scientific TV show Evident, but Incredible. Andrey Kapitsa (1931–2011)
was a geographer. He was credited with the discovery and naming of Lake
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Vostok, the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica, which lies 4,000 meters
below the continent's ice cap.
Kapitsa had the ear of people high up in the Soviet government, due to
the usefulness to industry of his discoveries, regularly writing letters on
matters of science policy. In particular, he saved both Vladimir Fock and
Lev Landau from Stalin's purges of the 1930s, telling Vyacheslav Molotov
that Landau was the only one who would be able to solve an important
physics puzzle of the time.
Kapitsa died on 8 April 1984 in Moscow at the age 89.
Honors and awards
A minor planet, 3437 Kapitsa, discovered by Soviet astronomer
Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina in 1982, is named after him. He was
elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1929. In 1958 he was elected
a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
Hero of Socialist Labour (1945 and 1974)
Stalin Prize, 1st class (1941 and 1943)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1978)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1959)
Order of Lenin (1943, 1944, 1945, 1964, 1971)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1954)
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the
Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
Medal "Veteran of Labour"
Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"
Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia)
word translation
1 Nobel laureate
2 low-temperature physics
3 a fortification
4 influential
5 magnetic fields
6 electromagnets
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7 to inject high current
8 adiabatic principle
9 liquid helium
10 superfluidity
11 superconductivity
12 a high-efficiency expansion turbine
13 continuous high pressure plasma
discharge
14 cosmic microwave background
15 quantum mechanical effect
16 standing wave of light
17 fluid dynamics
TASK 2. WRITE THE SUMMARY TO THE TEXT
TASK 3. RETELL THE TEXT
TASK 4. READ THE TEXT AND FILL IN THE GLOSSARY.
TRANSLATE THE TEXT FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN
Viktor Fadin
Victor Sergeevich Fadin (born 28 November 1942, Poperechnoe
village, Novosibirsk oblast) is a Russian physicist, well known for his
contributions to theoretical physics and particle physics. He is a principal
researcher at Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP) and professor of
theoretical physics at Novosibirsk State University (NSU).
Biography
Victor S. Fadin was born in Poperechnoe village in Novosibirsk oblast
on 28 November 1942. He graduated from NSU in 1965 and joined V. N.
Baier's group in BINP Theory division. In 1983 he received his doctor of
Science degree from BINP and in 1993 he became professor of theoretical
physics. From 2001 to 2012 he worked as head of BINP Theory division.
He is a principal researcher of BINP Theory division now.
Since 1967 Victor Fadin has been working at NSU theoretical physics
chair. From 1991 to 1997 he was dean of NSU Physics department. In 2011
NSU elected him distinguished professor.Now he delivers lectures on
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Quantum electrodynamics and Theory of strong interactions for graduate
students and teaches Quantum mechanics to undergraduate students. Victor
Fadin is an editor of theoretical and mathematical physics section of
Vestnik NSU magazine.
Academic achievements
Fadin is an expert in quantum field theory (QFT) and an author of more
than 190 academic papers including 2 monographs,which have collected
over 12 000 citations.In 2001 he received The Humboldt Prize in physics
and in 2006 he was given the Russian Federation honorific title
"Заслуженный работник высшей школы Российской Федерации". In
2015 Victor Fadin was awarded the Pomeranchuk Prize "for his results
devoted to high energy processes in QED and QCD". He shared the 2015
prize with professor Stanley J. Brodsky.
He was one of the first to theoretically study a number of QED
processes observed at the pioneering colliders VEP-1 and VEPP-2 in
Novosibirsk. He worked out the structure function method for calculation of
QED radiative corrections to cross sections of electron-positron annihilation
and electron-nucleus scattering processes. Moreover, he developed the
method of quasi-real particles, which was the first step to the parton picture
in QFT.
Professor Fadin's main contributions to QCD comprise the description
of the coherence effects in the soft gluon emission and the study of the
energy behavior of amplitudes in the Regge limit. The latter lead him to the
development of Reggeization theory and the formulation of the BFKL
(Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov) evolution equation for high-energy
amplitudes. The BFKL equation predicted the rise of QCD cross sections as
the colliding energy increases, which was later observed at HERA collider.
This success established the BFKL approach as the basis of the modern
theory of semi-hard processes in QCD. In recent years V. S. Fadin with his
colleagues developed the BFKL approach in the next to leading logarithm
approximation. Among his other achievements is the investigation of
Coulomb effects in W+W- production.
Awards
Humboldt Prize (2001)
Pomeranchuk Prize (2015)
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word translation
1 contribution
2 particle physics
3 a principal researcher
4 distinguished professor
5 quantum field theory
6 electron-positron annihilation
7 electron-nucleus scattering processes
8 the method of quasi-real particles
TASK 5. WRITE THE SUMMARY TO THE TEXT.
TASK 6. RETELL THE TEXT
TASK 7. READ THE TEXT AND FILL IN THE GLOSSARY.
TRANSLATE THE TEXT FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN
Pavel Belov
Pavel Aleksandrovich Belov (born 18 December 1977 in Ust-Ilimsk),
is a Russian physicist, head of The International Research Centre for
Nanophotonics and Metamaterials (St. Petersburg, Russia).
Education
After finishing Saint Petersburg Lyceum 30, Pavel Belov graduated with
honors from the ITMO University in 2000. He defended his PhD thesis
twice: from ITMO University in Russia in 2003 with the thesis "Analytical
modeling of electromagnetic crystals", and then in Finland in 2006 at the
Helsinki University of Technology with the thesis "Analytical modeling of
metamaterials and new principle of sub-wavelength imaging". In November
2010 he received doctor of science degree for his thesis "Analytical
modeling of electromagnetic crystals and left-handed materials".
The main Dr. Belov’s achievement is the development of metamaterials
which can transfer superresolution images (ie, much smaller than the
wavelength of the radiation used), which is much better than the resolution
of conventional optical systems for image transmission and processing.
Findings of Pavel Belov have both fundamental and practical importance,
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because they can radically change the concept of designing optical and
microwave components of various devices and thus lead to a revolution in
information and telecommunication technologies.
In 2010 Pavel Belov invited professor Yuri Kivshar as a leading
researcher in terms of government Megagrant program
.
Together they
established International Research Centre for Nanophotonics and
Metamaterials. This laboratory performs broad research in the fields of
metamaterials, plasmonics, non-linear optics.
Career
Dr. Belov has extensive experience of working abroad (Finland, South
Korea, United Kingdom) with such industrial giants as Nokia, Samsung
Electronics and Bosch. He is a member of the Council of young scientists
and specialists of the ITMO University. He is also a member of IEEE,
AP-S, ED-S, MTT-S, LEO-S (Laser and Electro-Optics Society, www.ileos.org); URSI, SPIE scientific societies. Since October 2015, Dr Belov
has been on the Board of Scientific Advisors at Metamaterial Technologies
Inc., an international optical nano-composites company (www.metamaterial.
com)
Awards
Dr. Pavel Belov is a laureate of the Russian Federation President's Prize
in Science and Innovation for Young Scientists in 2009 (Presidential Decree
No.139 of 4.02.2010). The prize is awarded for outstanding contributions to
the physics of metamaterials and the development of devices for
transmission and processing of superresolution images. He is the winner of
grants for State Support of Young Russian Ph.D Scientists in 2005 and
2009. His other prizes include:
IET Achievement Medal (IET, UK, 2006)
International Dennis Gabor Award (NOVOFER Foundation,
Hungary, 2003)
URSI Young Scientist Award (Belgium, 2002)
Publications
Pavel Belov is the author of more than 200 scientific articles in refereed
journals, 90 conference proceedings and 13 book chapters. His h-index is
34. His work has generated over 4,300 citations.
88
word translation
1 the International Research Centre for Nanophotonics and
Metamaterials
2 analytical modeling of metamaterials and new principle of
sub-wavelength imaging
3 transfer superresolution images
4 the concept of designing optical and microwave components
of various devices
5 extensive experience
TASK 8. WRITE THE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT
TASK 9. RETELL THE TEXT
TASK 10. READ THE TEXT AND FILL IN THE GLOSSARY.
TRANSLATE THE TEXT FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN
Viktor Zverev
Viktor Alekseyevich Zverev (26 October 1935 – 18 March 2018) was
a Soviet and Russian physicist, specialist in optics, Professor at SaintPetersburg National Research University of Information Technologies,
Mechanics and Optics.He was a member of Vavilov State Optical Institute
Academic Council; the editor of the Journal of Optical Technology; cochairman of Education Council and the chairman of Russian Optical Society
regional office; chairman of Physical Optics branch and member of
Academics' House of Saint-Petersburg. Viktor Zverev had holed position of
the member of the Saint-Petersburg Academics' House and of the position
Chairman of the Saint-Petersburg Academics' House Science Councils
Administrative Committee. Professor Zverev is elected Chairman of Optical
Council of Academy of Science and Art, named after Peter the Great;
Professor also has a position of the Leading Scientific Advisor of Academy
of Science and Art, named after Peter the Great and is a member of
International Eurasian Scientific Academy.
Viktor Zverev had graduated from LITMO with specialization if Optical
Devices in 1961. After this, he worked for LOMO, where he advanced from
the position of Engineer to that of Group Leading Engineer (1961–89).
Prof. Zverev had been working in ITMO since 1970. He occupied the
following positions: Head of the Department of Optical Devices (1989);
89
Head of the Department of Optical Devices Design (1990–96). In 1970
Prof. Zverev received a PhD degree in Engineering and became a full
Professor in 1983.
Viktor Zverev was the author of 200 scientific papers, and over 70
inventor's certificates.
Zverev was the recipient of several awards for his achievements,
including the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1974 and the Lenin
Prize in 1978.
word translation
1 an editor
2 the Journal of Optical Technology
3 a co-chairman
4 to occupy the position
5 the Leading Scientific Advisor of Academy of Science and
Art, named after Peter the Great
6 an achievement
7 to advance from the position of
8 to become a full Professor
TASK 11. WRITE THE SUMMARY TO THE TEXT.
TASK 12. RETELL THE TEXT
TASK 13. READ THE TEXT AND FILL IN THE GLOSSARY.
TRANSLATE THE TEXT FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN
Ksenia Razumova
Ksenia Aleksandrovna Razumova (born 23 January 1931) is a
Russian physicist. She graduated from the Physical Faculty of Moscow
University in 1955 and took a position at the then called Kurchatov Institute
of Atomic Energy in Moscow, then USSR. She defended her Ph.D. in 1966,
was Candidate in Physical and Mathematical sciences in 1967, and became
Doctor of Sciences in 1984. She is laboratory head at the Institute of
Nuclear Fusion, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute. Since the
beginning she is actively involved plasma physics in research on the
tokamak line of Magnetic confinement fusion.
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