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Файл:Английский для инженеров-физиков. Фотоника и оптоинформатика. English for Students of Physics (Photonics). Учебное пособие
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Paul Dirac
One of the most revered – and strangest – figures in physics. The son
of a Swiss father and English mother, Dirac (1902-84) was born in Bristol.
He predicted the existence of antimatter, created some of quantum
mechanics’ key equations and laid the foundations for today’s microelectronics industry. Dirac won a Nobel in 1933 but remained “an
Edwardian geek”, according to biographer Graham Farmelo. He turned
down a knighthood because he didn’t want people using his first name,
while his daughter, Monica, never once remembered him laughing. “This
balancing on the dizzying path between genius and madness is awful,”
Einstein said of him.
TASK 20. READ THE TEXTS AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO
RUSSIAN. CHOOSE ONE OF THE SCIENTISTS AND PREPARE A
PRESENTATION ABOUT HIM. PRESENT IT TO THE GROUP.
THE TOP 5 21st CENTURY PHYSICISTS AND THEIR WORKS
Thorne Kip
Prof. Thorne was born in Utah, Logan on
the 1st of June 1940. Thorne never had a
physics background as his father was into
agriculture and his mother, an economists
though they both were scholars. Thorne like
most physicists views himself as an atheist
though he had a strong Christian background.
He graduated with a B.Sc. in the California
Institute of Technology, Caltech at the age of
21 and within 3 years he obtained his Ph.D
with a ground breaking thesis on
Geometrodynamics of Cylindrical bodies.
Professor Thorne spent 40 years of his life working on gravitational
waves and black holes. Proving the existence of gravitational waves helped
in explaining the behavior of objects in space and time, or spacetime as it is
fondly called.
Gravitational waves are ripples that exist in the curvature of time and
space that travels perpendicular from the source (outwards). Einstein was
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the first scientist to predict the existence of this wave in 1916 when he was
working on the theory of general relativity.
Thorne was the first physicist to prove Einstein right by building a
device that can detect the presence of this wave. This device is called the
LIGO -Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory. This wave is
so difficult to detect because unlike other waves in existence, their
interaction with everything it comes in contact with is so infinitesimal.
Some will ask, why are these waves so important to us since their impact
are infinitesimal? Well, the shortest answer is that they make it possible for
us to view our universe in whole different way, just the same way the
discovery of X-ray allows us to view the human body in a whole different
way.
Professor Thorne was awarded a Nobel price for the discovery of the
LIGO system which was able to detect and prove the existence of these
waves. Thorne was also credited for being able to present complex physics
ideas so simple that even a layman can grasp the point within.
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Michio Kaku
Kaku was born in San Jose
California on January 24 1947 to a
Japanese father and American mother.
He had high interest in physics even as
teenager that he accepted to build a
particle accelerator ,during a National
Science Fair in Mexico, that can
generate and project a gamma rays
strong enough to form an antimatter (an
atomic material that has the same mass but opposite charge) to which he
constructed a particle accelerator in his fathers garage. Kaku graduated as
the best student in physics from Harvard University in 1968 and obtained a
Ph.D 4 years later in California University, Berkeley. He also served in the
United States Army during Vietnam war where he was trained in the
infantry section in Washington, though he was never deployed cause the
war came to an end sooner.
His work which proves that the earth was created from nothing inspired
the TV show which aired as what happen before the big bang. He is referred
to as "the man that completed Einstein's work" because of his works on the
STRING THEORY also known as the "theory of everything". According to
him, the whole universe is made of strings. We know that matter is made up
of atoms and atoms comprises of protons and neutrons which has the
electrons whirl around them. This protons and neutrons also have subparticles, the quarks and hence we consider the quarks as the fundamental
element.
But the string theory came along as the successor to the above theory
and says that all the fundamental particles stated above are just a different
existence of one very basic object called a string. If in our initial view of
electron as a point, it can only move and with this movement can not
actually achieve anything. But with string theory, we can view electron as a
loop of string using a very powerful microscope, hence strings can do more
than just movement. If string is viewed as a fundamental element of a
particle, then everything is made of strings and this explains the existence of
"everything"; hence it is called the theory of everything. Kaku was also
credited for being able to convey complex physics problems in an extremely
simple way, hence very good in passing knowledge.
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Andre Geim
Geim was born in 21st October 1985
with both parents being German engineers.
Geim failed his entrance exam into
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
(MEPI) twice mainly because of his
German background. He applied and was
admitted into the Moscow Institute of
Physics and Technology. Just like many
who were admitted to read courses they
initially did not apply for, Geim studied
Solid State Physics instead of astrophysics
or particle physics which he earlier applied
for but he later admitted he love his
current choice more. He graduated from the above university and obtained
his Ms.C in the year 1982 and later obtained a Ph.D equivalent degree five
years later from the Institute of Solid State Physics in Russian academy of
science.
Geim received a Nobel price in 2010 for his work on Graphene. He
discovered a method for isolating a single atomic layer of graphite which
is referred to as graphene. Though he didn't accomplish this alone, he had
help from many researches in the Manchester University.
According to Geim, one of the major application of graphene would be
in the smartphone sector where it could be used to manufacture flexible
screens. Graphene is an awesome material and could be the solution to an
everlasting screen for our smartphone as it is said to be 200 times stronger
than the normal steel and has the ability to be incredibly flexible and light.
To also prove it is here for our smartphones, it is the thinnest material
available and is also transparent! It can also be applied in the radiology as
protective shields as even helium can not pass through it. It is also a good
conductor of heat and electricity. It also finds application in water
purification as it could form a big part of desalination plants.
104
Stephen Hawking
It is only natural that a
distinguished scientist like
Hawking made this list. Hawking
received the highest civilian award
in United States, the Presidential
Medal of Freedom award in 2002.
He was born on the 8th of January
1942 to the family of Isobel and
Frank Hawking. Though the
parents were financially cons-
trained, they were still scholars and they both attended the Oxford
University. Hawking attended a secondary school for few months and
later moved to a village school in Hertfordshire where he schooled for just
a year in 1952.
Though Hawking had a rough academic beginning, he was referred to
as Einstein for his brilliancy later on. As a teenager he was able to
construct computer from old recycled clock parts and telephone board
with help of his mathematics teacher. Hawking has a very interesting
undergraduate life and also an extremely brilliant student that even the
staff that interviewed him during his finals were afraid that he was far
clever than them. He graduated with a first class honors and resumed his
post graduate studies in the year 1962.
Hawking's work was based mostly on the field of physics and
astronomy and made a ground breaking contribution in the General
Relativity. Hawking has also proven many theorems on the laws that
governs black holes using the cosmological models. He was recognized by
NASA in her 50th anniversary as a guest lecturer and speaker. He also
made huge contribution to the design of gravitational wave detectors
already discussed above.
105
Brian Greene
Last but definitely not the least on this list
is Professor Brian. Brian was born on the 9th of
February, 1963 to an American family with a
dropout father, Alan Greene. Brian attended the
Harvard University in the year 1980 and
completed his Ph.D studies in physics in 1987
from the Oxford University. Just like his father,
Brian was a good pianist and vocalist. In 1990,
he joined the physics faculty of University of
Cornell where he was appointed as a full
professor five years later. As a public figure, he
is known for the New York Times best selling books and many appearances
in the media with recent show with Colbert Stephen and Charlie Rose.
Brian's work has been mainly of the development of Superstring
Theory. Wait a bit, but I talked about string theory being the theory of
everything previously? Well, string theory has two major flaws.
The first problem is that it proposed that we experience 26 dimensions
in the universe! We only experience four dimension, three spacial
dimension and on time dimension. If the spacetime is composed of 26dimensions, then Tachyon must be part of it.
In reality, tachyon have negative mass property and if the universe is
composed of negative mass or imaginary mass, then the measurement and
many aspect of the universe itself will be imaginary.
Secondly, the original string theory (the Bosonic theory) doesn't permit
fermions i.e, protons, electrons, neutrons etc but permits only force carriers,
boson, which actually contradict lots of things in the universe. This is where
the superstring theory comes in to cut down these large dimension to only
ten eliminating the above mentioned problems while still maintaining the
gravitational properties.
106
REFERENCES
1. Chronology of the universe // en.wikipedia.org. – URL: https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/chronology_of_the_universe (reference date: 25.09.2022).
2. GRAMMAR-TEI.COM, Future continuous. – URL: http://grammartei.com/
future-continuous-uprazhneniya-exercises-answers/ (reference date: 25.09.2022).
3. GRAMMAR-TEI.COM, Past Continuous. Exercises. – URL: http://
grammar-tei.com/past-continuous-exercises-proshedshee-dlitelnoe-vremyauprazhneniya/ (reference date 25.09.2022).
4. GRAMMAR-TEI.COM, Present Perfect Tense. Exercises. – URL: http://
grammar-tei.com/present-perfect-tense-exercises-uprazhneniya-na-otrabotkupresentperfect-simple/ (reference date: 25.09.2022).
5. GRAMMAR-TEI.COM, Present Simple. – URL: http://grammartei.com/
present-simple-uprazhneniya-na-otrabotku-s-otvetami-the-present-simpletense-exercises-with-answers/ (reference date: 25.09.2022).
6. GRAMMAR-TEI.COM, Present Simple, Present Continuous (Progressive). –
URL: http://grammar-tei.com/uprazhneniya-na-otrabotku-vremen-present-simpleipresent-continuous-progressive/ (reference date: 25.09.2022).
7. Meet the top 5 21
https://steemit.com/stemng/@henrychidiebere/meet-the-top-5-21st-century-physicistsand-their-works (reference date: 25.09.2022).
8. Michio Kaku: Theoretical Physicist And Master of Communicating Science,
2018. – URL: https://interestingengineering.com/science/michio-kaku-theoreticalphysicist-and-master-of-communicating-science?ysclid=lf0js47g9b425639709 (reference date: 2.11.2022).
9. Thorne, Kip; Żytkow, Anna (March 1977). «Stars with degenerate neutron
cores. I – Structure of equilibrium models». The Astrophysical Journal 212 (1):
832–858. DOI:10.1086/155109.
st
century physicists and their works, 2018. – URL:
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Никрошкина Софья Васильевна
Скворцова Елена Борисовна
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ДЛЯ ИНЖЕНЕРОВ-ФИЗИКОВ
ФОТОНИКА И ОПТОИНФОРМАТИКА
ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF PHYSICS (PHOTONICS)
Учебное пособие
Выпускающий редактор И.П. Брованова
Дизайн обложки А.В. Ладыжская
Компьютерная верстка Н.В. Гаврилова
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