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Файл:Let’s learn English. Методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов неязыковых направлений педагогических вузов
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Vocabulary exercises:
I. Read and translate the text.
II. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases:
A solid foundation, educational bodies, to impress smb. with smth.,
general recognition, to place great demands on smth, a demand for,
a key to smth., to be regarded as, an instrument in training smth., to
concentrate on smth., vital subjects, a functional approach, concepts,
methods, to be associated with smth., extra-curriculum subjects, extra-curricular activities, to expand the programme, in addition to smth.,
the vast majority, a minority group, in any sense, auxiliary to smth.,
the Palaces of Culture, various, club houses, casual, to constitute, privileged class, school kids, reading problem, to plead for, to keep alive.
III. Choose the right word:
The tasks of the Russian … school are to give pupils a stock of …
knowledge opening the road to … … and to … them for independent
pursuit of knowledge. It is in this context that one should see the … of
optional courses in senior … .
A considerable portion of … graders … such classes at present.
More than 80 … courses have been devised for … in the Russian (or
native) … and literature, history, … …, mathematics, …, biology, …,
pedagogics, psychology, ethics, … and other … .
The task of … a comprehensively … and active … calls for the
extensive application of such … of instruction as contribute to the maximum … of the … intellect, implant the habit of systematic independent
work, and foster the ability for …, comparison, analysis and deduction.
general, secondary, to train, further education, grades, introduction,
senior, optional, to attend, language, classes, social sciences, chemistry,
physics, subjects, aesthetics, developed, moulding, personality, development, methods, pupils’, observation, pupils.
IV. Give English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:
Солидное основание, органы образования, произвести впечатление, общее признание, предъявлять требования, ключ к чему-л.,
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считаться, сосредоточиться, функциональный подход, понятия,
методы, ассоциироваться, внеклассная работа, внешкольные учреждения, расширять программу, огромное большинство, национальное меньшинство, составлять, привилегированный класс, наблюдать воочию, умолять о чем-л.
V. What is the opposite of:
General, majority, minor, intensive, important, foreign, vast, active,
great, to curtail, to continue.
VI. Arrange a) and b) as synonyms:
a) school children, extra-curriculum subjects, extra-curricular activities, assistance, serious, facilities, a basis, instrument, various, auxiliary, to be associated with;
b) optional classes, school kids, aid, out-of-school activities, important, foundation, equipment, a tool, additional, different, to be closely
connected with.
VII. Answer these questions (work in pairs):
1) What does the secondary school provide the Russian youth with?
2) What do the Russian specialists impress the world with?
3) Why does the scienti c technological revolution place great de-
mands on the secondary school?
4) What subject is regarded as the key to all sciences? Why?
5) What are the other subjects closely associated with mathematics?
6) What subjects does the standard curriculum include?
7) How does the secondary school expand the programme?
8) What can you say about extra-curricular activities?
9) Extra-curricular activities are regarded as a natural auxiliary to
the secondary school, aren’t they?
10) What do you know about extra-curricular activities of school
kids in the USA?
VIII. Translate the text into English:
Мы живём не в изоляции от других стран мира и досконально
знаем, как и чему учат школьников за рубежом. Недавно американские специалисты по просьбе президента подготовили доклад,
в котором говорится о значительном отставании США от нашей
страны в области преподавания естественных наук и математики.
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Доказывается также, что наши учебные планы и программы по
этим наукам для начальных и средних классов превосходят учебные планы других стран по объёму и содержанию.
В американской печати приводятся сравнительные данные: все
российские школьники изучают физику 5 лет, химию – 4 года, в то
время как 9% выпускников американской школы изучают физику 1
год, 16% – химию 1 год. В чём тут дело? В том, что американская
школа предоставляет детям право учить предметы на выбор. Естественно, ребята победнее выбирают домоводство, прикладные дисциплины, которые помогут в будущем зарабатывать на пропитание.
В результате, как пишет один из специалистов, «разрыв между
уровнем подготовки по естественным и точным наукам среднего
российского квалифицированного специалиста и среднего рабочего одного из наших крупных промышленных предприятий настолько разителен, что сравнения бесполезны».
IX. Read the text “Private schools in Russia” and make up a plan
to it:
In the Soviet Union most schools were state schools. Only very few
children or the most talented ones could choose a school to go to. Most
children were schoolchildren of local schools. Now in Russia most kids
still go to their local schools. But at the same time there is a choice of
private schools and kindergartens. According to of cials, Moscow has
nearly one half of the private schools of the country.
According to the same of cials, most of the private schools offer
more courses and activities than state schools. They include foreign
languages, training, horse riding and door-to-door transport. An
important thing is individual attention. Now all people, however, share
this opinion.
In 1996, there were 135,000 children to 6,800 teachers in the private
schools of Moscow. At the same time in the state sector the classes are
large and there is a shortage of teachers. But the tuition fees in private
schools are very high. As a result most of the expensive private schools
do not have enough pupils, and they cannot choose students on the basis
of their knowledge and abilities.
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One of the most important problems for Russian private schools is
to nd the right kind of teachers. Even the most quali ed ones have
sometimes troubles with the new approach to teaching. Very often
a teacher must work with less than 10 pupils and deal with each of
them personally. Sometimes even the most quali ed teachers cannot
create the right relationship between a pupil, a parent and a teacher – a
relationship where understanding must replace the barked command.
X. Look through the text and ask your partner 5 questions covering
the contents of the text. The following phrases will help you as starters:
Would you tell me …?
I hope you know … .
By the way, what/when …?
Why/where … ?
How many … ?
XI. Formulate the main idea of the text.
I. Make up a conversation between two people one of which is for
state schools and the other is against them. The following phrases will
help you:
I wonder what you can say about … .
I’m afraid you are not quite right.
I’m afraid that’s wrong.
As far as I know … .
According to … .
Let me see … .
I heard that … .
II. Read the text and answer the questions afterwards:
Schools of the Future – General or Specialized?
The general opinion varies on what a good general education is.
Some people believe that an educated person must have general
knowledge of a lot of things – Maths, Biology, Chemistry, History, Arts
and so on. Others argue that it’s better to know a lot about a few things
than to know a little about a lot.
Education has become a matter of general interest and people write
to newspapers and magazines expressing their views on the problem.
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Parents want education to prepare their children for life in the future.
They are afraid that bad education may spoil a child’s chances in the
world of tomorrow. The general impression is that most people speak in
favour of specialized education, because nowadays you must know so
much in your chosen profession that the earlier in life you start learning
it the better chances for success there are.
1. Can you explain what a good general education is? Have you got
a general idea about it?
2. Why has education become a matter of general interest?
3. Is there any general opinion on education nowadays?
4. Has the need for more specializes education become a generally
accepted view?
5. Has a general knowledge of Physics, Chemistry, Maths helped
you in life so far?
6. Can you say you’ve got a good education?
7. Do you consider that general knowledge of the arts (music,
literature, painting) is necessary for an engineer, a chemist or an
economist? Can they get along without the arts?
8. Are you for or against general (specialized) education? Give your
arguments.
XIV. Speak on one of the topics (See Appendix 1):
1. The system of education in Russia.
2. Advanced teachers and their methods of work.
3. The Day of Knowledge.
4. Why I have decided to be a teacher.
5. School of future. How I see it in 50 years?
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
Phonetic exercise: transcribe the following words and practice the
pronunciation of the following words:
further
introduction
aesthetic
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vocational
physical
fundamentals
emphasis
measurement
formulae
hygiene
observation
preservation
encourage
appreciation
gym
psychological
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
The elementary school provides the basis for all further education. The Russian elementary school has recently changed over from
a three-year period of study to a four -year period. The tasks of the
elementary school are to teach the child to read, write and do sums,
to provide an instruction to nature study and the social sciences, as
well as to aesthetic, vocational and physical training (P.T.), to develop the child’s powers of reasoning. The subjects studied in elementary
school are: a native language, mathematics, nature study, shop lessons,
music and physical training. The entire complex of tasks is resolved
in the full range of the curriculum according to the age-determined
abilities of the pupils.
The course of language study includes grammar, reading, spelling,
speech development, penmanship and the fundamentals of composi-
tion. Reading classes teach the child to read aloud, both expressively
and quickly, and instill a love for books. The grammar lessons provide
the fundamentals of grammatical structure. Much emphasis is placed
on the ability to express one’s thoughts logically and well.
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Mathematics provides an introduction to numbers and the four
rules of arithmetic (from ten to numbers expressed by several gures),
measures of time, length, weights, square measurements and simple
fractions. Much emphasis is placed on doing problems and sums orally. There are elements of plane geometry and an introduction to algebra
(symbols, composing formulae and using formulae in doing problems).
Elementary nature study provides an introduction to plant and animal life, as well as a study of the earth, seas and air. The children learn
the geography of their native land, the fundamentals of anatomy and
hygiene. Excursions and their own personal observations of nature
make up a regular part of the course. Simple experiments are conducted. The preservation of wildlife is taught, and the children take part in
planting trees and owers and caring for them.
Shop lessons teach children arts and crafts. There are outdoor class-
es on the school garden plot where they lay out the vegetable beds,
prepare them for sowing and conduct simple experiments in botany.
Art classes include drawing from life and applied art. The aim is to
teach the children to draw and to develop their taste and interest in art.
There are also talks on great artists and art treasures. The art classes are
tied with the classes in reading and shop.
Music and singing classes aim to develop the child’s ear for music
and encourage a sense of music appreciation. The children at schools
have their own choirs, orchestras and music clubs.
Physical training is one of the most important elements in a child’s
all-round development. In elementary school children exercise with
large and small balls, do exercises to improve posture and sense of
balance and participate in eld and track activities (walking, running,
jumping, etc.). Gym classes are held outdoors on the school’s playing
grounds, at stadiums or in children’s park.
Elementary education is the stepping-stone to secondary education.
In elementary school one teacher conducts all the classes, while several
teachers take over beginning with the 5th grade. Special care is taken to
help the children over this psychological barrier.
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Vocabulary exercises:
I. Read and translate the text.
II. Translate into Russian the following words and phrases:
to provide, further education, a four-year period, an introduction to
nature study, social sciences, basis, aesthetic education, vocational training, shop lessons, age-determined abilities, composition, penmanship,
to instill a love for books, fundamentals, the emphasis is placed on smth,
an introduction to numbers, the four rules of arithmetic, square measurements, elements of geometry, to do problems, plant and animal life,
personal observation, to make up, the preservation of wildlife, to care
for, vegetable beds, applied arts, art treasures, to develop a child’s ear for
music, all-round development, a stepping-stone, a psychological barrier.
III. Choose the right word:
The principal document determining the content of Russian school
education is …. A … is a stale document establishing the … to be …
at a school of a particular type. Curricula include Humanities, … and
Mathematics, … and … , shop … , … and … classes, … training. Such
a structure of curricula ensures the … … of pupils.
Over the past decade the content of … has been updated. The most
signi cant changes have taken place in … school. … have shown that
following the … of the new syllabuses the … of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
… acquired a more thorough knowledge and their intellectual level has
considerably risen.
Curriculum, curricular, studied, subjects, natural sciences, lessons,
arts, crafts, music, singing, physical, grade, all-round, development, elementary, observations, education, pupils, introduction.
IV. Translate into English the following words and word combinations:
Основа, дальнейшее образование, трёхлетний период (срок),
введение, природоведение, общественные науки, эстетическое
воспитание, физическое воспитание, обучение, профессиональная
подготовка, привить любовь к, упор делается на, четыре действия
арифметики, решение задач, личные наблюдения, составлять часть
курса, уроки труда, прикладное искусство, всестороннее развитие,
развивать музыкальный слух, психологический барьер.
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V. What is the opposite of:
Nature sciences, introduction, arts, regular, quickly, walking, out-
door classes, to care for, to encourage, simple, entire.
VI. Arrange a) and b) in pairs as synonyms:
а) to care for, basis, professional, education, stage, to do problems,
participate, artist, further, skill, emphasis;
b) fundamentals, to look after, training, vocational, to take part in,
stepping-stone, to solve problems, painter, craft, higher, stress.
VII. Answer the questions (work in pairs):
1. Do you agree with the statement that the elementary school pro-
vides the basis for all further education? Prove it.
2. What are the tasks of elementary school?
3. What are the subjects studied?
4. What is the entire complex of tasks?
5. What does the course of language study include?
6. What does Mathematics provide?
7. What are the children taught in the course of nature study?
8. What do shop lessons prepare children for?
9. Why do you think the art classes are tied with the classes in read-
ing and shop?
10. What are music and singing classes aimed at?
11. Physical training is one of the most important elements in a
child’s all-round development, isn’t it? Why?
VIII. Fill in the blanks with necessary prepositions:
“The teachers … our experimental classes try to make children love
their school, lessons, and try to instill … them a thirst and enthusiasm
… knowledge. Methods may be most varied, even strange … those,
who are used … an academic quietness … lessons, … strictness … the
teachers and unquestioned obedience … children. Our teachers do not
forget even … a moment that they are working … pupils who are only
6, 7 or 8 years old. A child cannot sit still even … 35 minutes … the
lesson and why not toss a ball around … a Maths lesson? The one who
catches the ball goes … the blackboard to answer.
“And you should see how the class livens … when the teacher
‘makes a mistake’, ‘forgets’, … instance, how a word is spelled correctly or misses a line … a poem children have learnt … heart and
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know well. We give unusual home assignments. We do not say: ‘Learn
the poem … page 25’. We ask the children which … the two poems we
read they prefer. The same … Maths problems. ‘You can solve ve …
these or three … those because they are more dif cult. Will you be able
to manage them?’ There is doubt and hope … the teacher’s voice. You
may be sure that … the next lesson all the pupils will happily show you
they’ve managed to solve all the eight problems”.
IX. Translate into English the given text:
Слово «школа» иностранного происхождения. В Древней Греции этим словом называли беседы мыслителей с их учениками. Со
временем это слово стало употребляться для обозначения учебного заведения.
Вы, конечно, навсегда запомнили первый день в школе. Было
солнечное сентябрьское утро. Все классы построены около школы.
Вокруг много цветов, улыбок, радостных лиц. Здесь вы впервые
встретили своих товарищей по классу и познакомились с учительницей. Вас, первоклассников, приветствовали учителя, директор
школы, родители. Одиннадцать лет вашей жизни были связаны
со школой. Вас обучали по программам, которые едины для всех
школ страны.
X. Prove that elementary school provides the basis for all further
education (See Appendix 1).
XI. Give a brief talk on the following aspects (See Appendix 1):
1. Early development of children.
2. Pre-school education.
3. Elementary school.
4. The modern tendencies in primary education.
5. The system of secondary education.
6. The advantages of the Russian system of education
7. Extra-curricular activities of the Russian children.
8. The difference between the systems of education in Russia and
the United States of America.
VII. Make up dialogues on the following topics:
1. A talk with an American student about the difference between the
systems of elementary education in Russia and the USA.
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