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Файл:Let’s learn English. Методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов неязыковых направлений педагогических вузов
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7. Why are English children divided into groups?
8. How many teachers are children taught by in primary schools?
9. What types of secondary schools do you know?
10. Are all schools free in England?
11. When do pupils take the General Certi cate of Secondary
Education?
12. Do pupils going on to higher education take A-level examinations
in two, three or ve subjects?
13. Can you name the types of higher educational establishments in
England?
14. Be ready to speak on the educational system in England. Draw
the scheme of the system to be more precise.
XV. Look at the time table and answer the questions:
The Time Table of the Fifth-form Pupils of St. Mary’s
Comprehensive School
Time Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
8.30 – 8.40 Registration Registration Registration Registration Registration
8.40 – 9.00
9.00 – 9.45
9.45 – 10.30
10.30 – 11.15
11.15 – 11.30
11.30 – 12.15
12.15 – 13.00
13.00 – 14.00
14.00 – 14.45
14.45 – 15.30
Assembly Assembly Assembly Assembly Assembly
French
French Science Maths Art IT
Science Science Maths French Science
Break Break Break Break Break
Maths History English
Maths History English
Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch
English Art PE History English
English Art PE English English
Technology
SE Art RE
Science
Literature
Science
Literature
Technology
Technology
1. What time does school start and nish?
2. How much time do they spend for studying Maths and Science?
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3. How many foreign languages do pupils study?
4. Compare this time table with the school time table in Russia.
XVI. Speak on the topics (See Appendix 1):
1. Preschool education.
2. English primary schools.
3. Secondary education in England and Russia.
4. The 11– plus examination.
5. Comprehensive schools – a new type of schools in Great Britain.
6. Fee-paying private schools.
7. Optional classes.
8. Out-of-class activities.
9. Teachers should make their lessons more interesting for pupils.
10. Children need as much help in their work as possible.
11. Public and private schools in the USA.
12. American primary education.
13. Secondary education in the USA.
14. The difference between primary and secondary education in
America and Russia.
XVII. Round table (See Appendix 1):
Imagine that some of you are Englishmen who know very little
about the schools in Russia. The others are teachers from Russia who
are interested in the system of education in Britain. They meet and
compare the two systems. Find their merits and disadvantages. Agree
or disagree with your partner’s statements. Use the topical Vocabulary
and phrases given in appendix 1.
XVIII. Speak about the Russian system of education and the most
important changes it has recently undergone (See Appendix 1).
XIX. Tell your group mates about the school you have nished (See
Appendix 1).
XX. Read, translate into Russian and be ready to act out the
dialogues:
1. Harry: How was the examination, Dick?
Dick: Not too bad. I think I passed in English and Mathematics. The
questions were very easy. How about you, Harry?
Harry: The English and Maths papers weren’t easy for me. I hope I
haven’t failed.
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Dick: I think I failed the multiple-choice test. I could answer sixteen
of the questions. They were very easy. But I couldn’t answer the rest.
They were too dif cult for me.
Harry: Tests are awful, aren’t they?
Dick: I hate them.
Harry: Oh, cheer up! Perhaps we didn’t do so badly. The fellow next
to me wrote his name at the top of the paper.
Dick: Yes?
Harry: Then he sat there and looked at it for three hours! He didn’t
write a word.
2. Kate: Hello, Helen!
Helen: Hi, Kate! Where are you hurrying?
Kate: To school. You know, we are meeting to go to the University
today.
Helen: Why, what are you going to do there?
Kate: You see, I am a member of our optional class in Biology. Our
professor wants to show us his lab.
Helen: It’s very interesting, and what kind of work do you do there?
Kate: Generally, we take a deep study of certain topics and problems
we are interested in. Sometimes we carry out experiments.
Helen: Oh, it’s a serious work, isn’t it? So, I see you have de nitely
made up your mind to take up biology as a career, haven’t you?
Kate: I believe so. It really attracts me.
3. Dan: What form are you in now, Nelly?
Nelly: I am in the 11th form. This year I am leaving school. I am
going to enter the University.
Dan: Then good luck to you. As for me, I am already a rst-year
student of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the Teacher Training
Institute.
Nelly: Glad for you. I wish you success in your studies.
XXI. Develop each statement into a situation (it can be a monologue
or a dialogue) (See Appendix 1):
1. Public education should be free. Any person should receive a
good education at public expense.
2. Schooling should be equal and open. No one should be
discriminated against because of race, religious or nancial status.
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3. Education is compulsory. Parents cannot decide to keep their
children out of school.
4. How does the educational system work in Great Britain and in
our country? Where do you nd similarities? What are the differences?
XXII. Write a personal letter on one of the following topics (See
Appendix 2):
1. My rst day at school.
2. An ideal school teacher.
3. An ideal pupil.
4. Most people have only one or two good teachers throughout their
lives.
5. Most young people have several opportunities open to them on
leaving school.
THE SYSTEM OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
IN THE USA
AMERICAN SCHOOLS
The American system of education differs from the systems of
other countries. There are free, state-supported, public schools,
which the majority of American children attend. There are also private
elementary and secondary schools where a fee is charged. Now public
and private school distinctions are largely based on religious in uences.
Most public schools are co-educational (mixed), that is boys and girls
study together, but a lot of the church-supported schools are for boys
or girls only.
Compulsory education in the USA varies, according to the state,
between 5 and 7 years of age, 6 being the most common; the age of
exit varies between 16 and 18 years of age, the most common being 16.
Secondary education in the USA is in grades 7–12.
Elementary (primary) and secondary (high) schools are organized
on one of two bases: eight years of elementary school and four years of
secondary school, or six years of elementary, three years of junior high
school and three years of senior high school.
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Elementary school children in the USA learn much the same subjects
as do children of the same age in other countries. The program of studies
includes English (reading, writing, spelling, grammar, composition),
Arithmetic, Geography, History of the USA and elementary Natural
Science. Physical Training, Music and Drawing are also taught. Some
schools teach a modern language, such as French, Spanish or German.
The junior high school is a sort of halfway between elementary and
secondary school. It continues some elementary school subjects, but
it also introduces courses in Mathematics and Science, and usually
gives students their rst chance to study a foreign language. It usually
comprises grades seven, eight and nine.
The high school prepares young people either for work immediately
after graduation or for more advanced study in a college or university.
The subjects studied in elementary school are studied in greater detail
and in a more advanced form in high school. In addition a student
can specialize in Home Economics, Chemistry and Physics, Music,
Humanities etc.
All states and districts have set the secondary school graduation
level as the completion of the 12th grade, and the common name for the
secondary graduation quali cation is
the High School Diploma
. In the
USA there is the shortest school year in the world, an average of 180 days.
CHARTER SCHOOLS
Charter schools are public schools that are independent of any local
school district. National surveys of charter schools have found high
levels of satisfaction among parents, pupils and teachers associated
with them. Charter schools were especially well received by poor and
minority families.
Charter schools are a movement toward school reform that focuses
on improving education, pupil autonomy and choice. A charter school
may be a separate school with separate funding, or it can be a school
within a school. Typically, most new charter schools around the country
are small.
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The
quality
schools enjoy success. If it is not good, they’ll fail and
– this is a powerful motive to offer a high-quality program. Charter schools
are usually formed by a group of teachers, parents, and/or community
leaders who want to
Anyone can write a charter, but they must have the signatures of
50% of teachers at a school or a minimum of 10% of the teachers in the
school district that will receive the charter submission. The timeline for
approval of a charter is from 30 to 60 days.
is
measured by
make contributions
test
scores
. If the quality is good, the
lose
their nancing
to educational reform.
Vocabulary exercises:
I. Read the given words in a correct way:
Approval, elementary, state, movement, to separate, timeline,
submission, grade, signature, quality, separate, to improve, poor,
to receive, charter, contribution, to change, to measure, challenge,
children, co-educational, satisfaction, a diploma.
II. Translate into Russian:
To improve the quality of education, the timeline for approval, a
grade, to receive a diploma, different movements, a separate choice,
a public school, a private school, graduation, an elementary (primary)
school, the approval of the charter, the submission of the document, to
attend a charter school, to measure by scores.
III. Give the English equivalents:
Обязательное образование, (бесплатная) средняя школа в США,
неполная средняя школа (7, 8, 9 классы), старшие классы средней
школы (10, 11, 12 классы), диплом о получении среднего образования, вносить вклад, обзор, финансируемый государством.
IV. Fill in the blanks with the necessary word or word combination:
high school diploma, education, public schools, levels, immigrants,
pupils, children:
SCHOOLS IN NEW YORK
Today New York City population includes more than 1.3 million
school-age … . About 80% of them attend the city’s 1,100 … . In the
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early part of the twentieth century the city schools helped prepare …
for American life, training most for jobs in commerce and industry and
a favored few for higher … .
Today pupil expectations are far higher and, indeed, the economy
requires higher … of education. College has become a necessity for
most …, not just for the talented elite. A … has become a minimum
requirement for today’s youth.
(From City Schools by D. Ravich, J. Viteritti)
V. Make up 5 English sentences using new words and word
combinations.
VI. Translate the following Russian sentences into English:
1. Американские дети идут в школу в 5, 6 или 7 лет в зависимо-
сти от штата.
2. Обязательное образование в США длится 10 лет.
3. Система среднего образования в Соединенных Штатах отли-
чается от систем образования других стран.
4. Чартерные школы вносят значительный вклад в образова-
тельную реформу страны.
5. Чартерные школы не зависят от местности, в которой расположены, поддерживаются правительством и управляются родителями, компаниями и т.д., а не системой общеобразовательных школ.
6. Американские школьники посещают среднюю школу с 7 по
12 классы.
7. Только дети богатых людей учатся в частных школах.
8. Каково личное отношение их родителей к этому вопросу?
9. Учебный год в США длится в среднем 180 дней.
10. Некоторые молодые люди начинают работать сразу после
окончания средней школы.
VII. De ne if the statements given below are true or false. If it is
false, give the correct answer:
1. The American system of education differs from the systems of
other countries.
2. Compulsory education in the USA varies between 5 and 7 years
of age, 5 being the most common.
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3. American secondary education is in grades 7 – 11.
4. All states and districts have set the secondary school graduation
level as the completion of the 10th grade.
5. Now public and private school distinctions are largely based on
religious in uences.
VIII. Answer the questions:
1. What are public and private school distinctions?
2. Are private schools popular now?
3. The conditions of teaching in private schools are the same as in
public schools, aren’t they?
4. What subjects does the programme of studies for elementary
school children in the USA include?
5. How long does the school year in the USA last?
6. Are charter schools private or public?
7. Children from rich families go to charter schools, don’t they?
8. How is the quality of charter schools measured?
9. Why are charter schools formed?
10. Who can write a charter?
IX. Read the following dialogue in parts and translate it into Rus-
sian paying attention to the new words and expressions:
Student A: Would you tell us about American graded schools?
Teacher: The assigning of children to different levels is called graded
arrangement. The movement of pupils from grade to grade according to
age is called the vertical organizational plan.
Student B: Oh, that’s very interesting. And what is the difference
between the graded and nongraded school?
Teacher: The major aim of the nongraded organizational pattern is
continuous process. This system allows pupils to progress through the
curriculum at their own pace.
Student A: And what about grades?
Teacher: Forget about them. In the nongraded system progress is
reported in terms of tasks completed and the manner of learning not by
grades or rating systems. And the continuous progress is re ected in
pupils’ growth of knowledge.
108
Student B: And I have heard about self-contained classrooms and
departmentalization. Is there any difference between them?
Teacher: Of course, there is. In the self-contained classroom pupils
spend the day primarily with one teacher learning English, Mathematics,
Social Studies and Science. In the school with departmentalization the
teacher is a specialist in one or two curriculum areas.
Students: Thank you very much. You’ve been very helpful.
X. Make up and act out a suitable dialogue using the topical
vocabulary:
1. Public education should be free. Any person should receive a
good education at public expense.
2. Schooling should be equal and open. No one should be
discriminated against because of race, religious or nancial status.
3. Education is compulsory. Parents cannot decide to keep their
children out of school.
XI. Make up reports/computer presentations in groups choosing one
of the following topics (don’t forget about a practical task after your
story/submission of a presentation) (See Appendix 1):
1. American primary education.
2. Secondary education in the USA.
3. The National Curriculum.
4. Public and private schools in America.
5. The differences between primary and secondary education in the
USA, the UK and Russia.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
It is known the basic types of higher educational establishments
in Russia are:
1) universities with the departments of history, philology,
philosophy, law, economics, physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology,
geography, foreign languages, oriental studies and journalism;
2) teachers’ training colleges, technical colleges, agricultural
colleges, medical colleges, schools of ne arts.
At all the institutions there are full-time, part-time and
correspondence departments. Every territory and region has its
109
universities or colleges and specialized schools. Persons who have
completed a secondary or specialized secondary education are eligible
for the day departments of university-level schools.
There is practically no age limit for the students entering the evening
departments or for those who study by correspondence. All applicants
must take entrance examinations in their major subjects. Entrance
examinations are compulsory at every higher educational establishment.
Those who get the greatest number of points during entrance exams
are enrolled in the institute. It is known as entry competition. Higher
educational establishments maintain close ties with secondary schools
and offer help to the senior pupils in choosing their future professions.
There are regular lecture courses for senior pupils offered by main
universities and many colleges. On Visitors’ Day all the laboratories,
study rooms and libraries are open to the future students. The curricular
of all university-level educational establishments consist of three major
divisions of subjects: socio-economic, educational and various major
subjects. After graduating all the students receive diplomas qualifying
them as specialists in a given eld.
Vocabulary exercises:
I. Read the words paying special attention to the pronunciation of
new words and expressions:
General, courses, to continue, technical, opportunity, extramural,
academic, vocational, to receive, scholastic, phrase, secondary,
guaranteed, scholarship, knowledge, specialist, scholar, degree,
primary, schematic, college, job, to continue, school, scheme.
II. Pronounce correctly and give the Russian equivalents of the
following word combinations and expressions:
The right to education, to be guaranteed by the Constitution, not only
a right but a duty too, to study academic subjects, to go to a vocational
school, to attend a technical school, to give general knowledge, to have
the necessity to study, to train specialists, different elds of science,
education is free, well-trained, an opportunity, a profession, to get a
scholarship.
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