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Учебное издание
Гуслякова Алла Викторовна
EXTENSIVE READING B2+
Учебное пособие
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электронное
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Оформление обложки
Компьютерная верстка
Управление издательской деятельности
и инновационного проектирования МПГУ
119571, Москва, Вернадского пр-т, д. 88, оф. 446
Тел.: (499) 730-38-61
E-mail: izdat@mpgu.su
Бум. офсетная. Печать цифровая.
Объем 14,5 п. л. Тираж 500 экз. Заказ № 917.
Дубовец В. В.
Удовенко В. Г.
Дорожкина О. Н., Ковтун М. А.
Формат 60х90/8.
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