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Файл:English Grammar step III Грамматика английского языка шаг III. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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parents, what are your first memories of them? Why was this person
important to you? Ask and answer questions to get more information.
4. Work in pairs. Reflect on how your life has changed during the recent
5/10/15 years. Think about as many factors as you can: clothes, likes,
people around you, habits, responsibilities, etc. Think about the world
around you: has it changed, too? What used to be different? Describe the
changes, contrasting the past and the present. Share with your partner.
What do you have in common?
5. Work in groups of 2-4 people. Think of a story. It can be a true incident
from your past, or a made-up story you find surprising, amusing, or scary.
Try to think about as many details as you can: what were you wearing that
day, what exactly did you see or hear, what was the first thing you said or
did? Then tell it to the group and let them guess if it is a real experience
or a fake story. Your groupmates can ask various questions to clarify the
details and the order of the events. When they are ready, they have to
make decisions as a group. Could they guess? Take turns telling our
stories and guessing.
6. Work in groups of 2-4 people. Think of a famous person or a fictional
character. What kind of life can this person have? Think in detail about
possible routines and schedules they might have. Feel free to use your
imagination. Then ask questions to each other trying to guess who they
are. You can add colourful details to help them guess. For example, if
they ask you about your homework, you may give him a hint about
memorizing spells, so that they have a clue about Harry Potter universe.
7. A 3-headed oracle. Take turns to play fortune telling. The people in the
group ask questions about their future, the oracle is trying to predict the
future. The twist is that the oracle is…3 different people! Each person can
say only one word at a time. Stand in a line in front of the class, if you
are in the classroom, or make the order of speaking if your class is online.
One person starts answering the question, others continue one by one until
they can’t continue, or the person wants to finish the sentence, saying “full
stop”. Remember! Your sentences must be grammatically correct! Watch
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the articles, prepositions, word order, mind the tenses. Use any chance to
come up with a sudden twist if you like.
For example: “When will I get married”.
You…will…NOT…get …married…UNTIL…you …find…the…
right…PET…that…will..like…your…girlfriend…full stop.
8. Predictions. Imagine you are a futurologist. Make your predictions about
what life could be in the future. Choose the date/year you are going to
focus on. Think if you are going to concentrate on particular fields of
study as an expert, say, in IT or arts, or you would like to describe what
it will feel like living in that period. Use the structures “By the
year…people will have developed”, “In the year…children will be
learning…”. “I think human… might possibly…”. Find out what period
your groupmates have chosen and tell your prediction in chronological
order.
9. Alternative history. Think of a crazy theory about certain periods of
history or particular events in the past. Think how they can possibly
explain the present events or be related to them. For example, “the
scientists could not find who had killed Tutankhamun because the killer
belongs to the living royal family of Egypt, so they keep the secret”, or
“the Nasca desert lines were the landing places for the aliens, who had
built them for their small spacecrafts”. Deal with your classmates’
questions trying to protect your “hypothesis”.
10. Induction speech. Imagine you are the mentor for a first-year foreign
student who knows very little about the academic process at university,
life in Russia in general and social norms in the place where you live.
Give a welcome speech for the foreign student, telling them everything it
is important to know. Your partner plays the role of a foreign student,
trying to find out as much as they can to make life and study comfortable.
Use patterns like “Teachers tend to….”, “People don’t normally…”, “It
is acceptable to…”, “Remember to…”
11. Work in pairs. Imagine you meet up with an old friend of yours. Have a
talk about the things you may have in common, ask and answer your
friends’ questions about the people you both know. Tell him/her what you
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have been doing, about important events and achievements You have had
since you saw each other. Ask follow-up questions to show interest and
find out about the details.
12. Work in a group. One of you is a celebrity (a real person or a fictional
one). You come to the interview session where journalists, played by your
groupmates, ask you questions about your life. Take turns playing the
reporters and a celebrity. Think of possible questions you would like to
ask, or typical questions asked at the interview. Ask about the lifestyle,
relationships, property, career, plans, failures and achievements, etc. Use
your imagination and the context of the situation.
13. Work in pairs. You are conducting/ having an interview applying for a
course in a language school. Think what questions you can ask to find out
about the candidate’s personality and experience of language learning.
Talk/ask questions about your strengths and weaknesses, describe where
and how you have been studying so far, reflect on the style of learning
you prefer. The interviewer may also be interested in your motivation and
the reasons why you are applying to their school or course. Talk/ask about
how you are going to use the language in your further career and in which
way it may be important for you. You can also discuss practicalities like
the accommodation, tuition fee, textbooks, schedule, group size, etc.
14. Work in a group of 2-4. You are members of the family who are planning
a trip abroad. Discuss what country you would like to visit and why. Think
of the possible itineraries and the places of interest you are going to visit.
Make the plan for your tour, including the means of transport you are
going to use, places you are going to stay at, restaurants where you are
going to taste local food. Think of your budget and length of stay. You
can disagree with each other, so be ready to argue your point. You can
google necessary details to include them in your plan. Think of the things
that need to be arranged beforehand: visas, reservations, things to pack,
visits to pay, etc. Share with the rest of the group. Whose travel plan do
you like most?
15. Work in a group. You are doing a survey for a student project on
improving the quality of life and study at your educational establishment.
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Think of the topic you would like to focus on. Is it about students’
routines. Services available, equipment accessible, amount of
assignments done? Then develop a questionnaire that will help you collect
the data. Go around the group and ask questions to your groupmates. Then
collate the information and report back to the group about what your
research has revealed.
16. Work in a group. Imagine you have small talk with a stranger at the bus
stop/dentist office/party/conference, etc. Start the conversation using
something you have in common. Listen carefully to use the chance to ask
follow up questions about the person you are talking to. End the
conversation politely using appropriate excuse suitable for the situation.
17. Work in pairs. Think of the sports people play or watch regularly.
Choose the kind of sport you would like to discuss with your partner,
Think of the rules of the game. Are there any ways of making the sport
more interesting to watch? What changes or innovations would you
introduce? Think about the number of players, equipment used, locations
for playing, possible limitations. Alternatively, think of a new game that
can be enjoyed by people. Develop the rules of the game. Should this
game be included into the Olympics?
18. Work in pairs. Tell your partner about a book you have read recently.
What is the setting? Who are the main characters? What is the genre of
the book? What did you like or dislike about it? Would you recommend
it to your friends? Why is the book worth reading?
19. Work in a group. Imagine you are the council committee discussing
improvements in the life of the local community. You are discussing the
budget and the strategy of development for the new year. Speak on the
most urgent issues your city/town/neighborhood/community/ have. What
problems do you think should you address as the most important? In
which way these problems can be solved? Are there ways of solving them
non-financially? Can you rely on the experience of other places you
know? Debate the issues to focus on and make a list of measures to solve
the problems you have chosen.
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20. Work in pairs. One of you is a tourist who got lost in the city. Your
partner is a passer-by who tries to explain how the tourist can get to the
place they are looking for. Use polite questions like “Excuse me, how can
I get to the…?” “Where is the…?” “Is it far from here?”. Give directions
that will help the traveler to find the place: “Go straight,” “Turn
left/right,” “It’s next to…,” “You will see it on your left.”, etc.
21. Lost and found office. Work with your partner. One of you has lost an
item. Describe the item to the office clerk. Your partner asks questions
about the item and the circumstances in which you lost it. Try to think of
as many details as possible to help the clerk find out more about the
situation. Use question like "When did you last see it?", "What color was
it?", “What were you doing when…?”
22. Speed dating. Imagine you have come to a speed dating club. You only
have 4 minutes to talk to the person in front of you before you have to
move on to the next candidate. When the time is up, students rotate to a
new partner. Introduce yourself, ask about your interests and hobbies.
Find out whether you have something in common. Think of the questions
you would like to ask to find out more about the people. After several
rounds you have to decide who you are going to have a date with and
argue your choice.
23. Story building. Work in small groups. You have to tell a story
collaboratively. One student starts a story with something like “Once
upon a time there lived…”, or “A strange thing happened to me
yesterday”. The next student adds another sentence to continue the story.
The process continues while you take turns contributing to the story. Feel
free to add flashbacks or unexpected twists to the story. Watch the time
your teacher has set and try to finish the story by that moment. Share the
story with the rest of the group.
24. Pass the message. One of you reads a short story your teacher gives you.
Then you have to tell the story to the sent student as close to the original
as you can. Try to include all the details and use the words you remember
from the story. Then the story is passed on and on. Listen to the final
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version. Does it still have a punchline? If your group managed to keep the
story clear and interesting, you win!
25. Work in pairs. One of you is a policeman, your partner is a victim or a
witness who reports the crime. Tell the police officer in detail what
happened. If you are the policeman. Ask questions to find as many details
as possible to help you catch the criminal. Do you have enough details to
make a portrait of the criminal? Do you have enough information about
the whereabouts of the crime and what had happened just before it? Do
you have a clear picture of the order of the events?
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LIST OF CONJUNCTIONS
Сочинительные
Coordinating
1. Соединительные (Copulative)
and
и
I need a pen and a piece of paper. –
Мне нужна ручка и бумага.
as well as
а так же; так
же как (и)
Mary, as well as her husband, can
play tennis well. – Мери, как и ее
муж, хорошо играет в теннис.
both…and
как…,так и;
и…и
Both John and his friend passed the
exam. – И Джон и его друг сдали
экзамен.
neither…nor
ни…,ни
Neither Terry nor Amy wanted to
leave so early. – Ни Терри, ни Эми
не хотели уезжать так рано.
not only… nut also
не только…, но
и
She not only beautiful but also
intelligent. – Она не только
красивая, но и умная.
2. Разделительные (Disjunctive)
either…or
либо…, либо;
или…, или
You will either love this country or
hate it. – Вы либо влюбитесь в эту
страну, либо возненавидите ее.
or
или; иначе
Is the test today or tomorrow? –
Тест сегодня или завтра?
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or else
иначе; в
противном
случае; или; не
то
Hurry up, or else you will miss the
train! – Поторопись, не то
опоздаешь на поезд!
3. Противительные (Adversative)
and
а
I decided to stay, and he decided to
leave. – Я решил остаться, а он
решил уйти.
but
но
It is sad, but true. – Печально, но
это так.
still
все же; тем не
менее; однако
He has a good job, but still he never
has any money. – У него хорошая
работа, но тем не менее никогда
нет денег.
while
тогда как; в то
время как; а;
пока
You are sitting here while your
brother is working. – Ты сидишь
здесь, а твой брат работает.
yet
все же; тем не
менее; однако
He was poor, yet happy. – Он был
беден, и все же счастлив.
4. Причинно-следственные (Causative-Consecutive)
for
ибо; так как
He is not afraid, for he is a brave
boy. – Он не боится, так как он
смелый мальчик.
so
так что; итак
We didn’t want to cook, so we
ordered a pizza. - Мы не хотели
готовить, так что заказали
пиццу.
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Подчинительные
Subordinating
1. Изъяснительные (Objective, Subjective, Predicative)
if/whether
ли
I don’t know if he is joking or
whether he is serious. – Я не знаю,
шутит ли он, или серьезен.
that
что; чтобы
I know that you are right. – Я знаю,
что ты прав.
2. Союзы времени (Conjunctions of Time)
after
после того, как
We went home after the lesson had
finished. – Мы пошли домой после
того как урок закончился.
as
в то время,
как; по мере
того, как
As he was coming closer, I could see
how time had changed him. – По
мере того, как он подходил ближе,
мне становилось видно, как он
изменился со временем.
as long as
пока; если
You may use my car as long as you
drive safe. – Можешь
пользоваться моей машиной, если
будешь ездить аккуратно.
as soon as
как только
I will phone you as soon as I know
the results. – Я позвоню тебе, как
только узнаю результаты.
before
прежде; до
того, как
Think before you speak. – Подумай,
прежде чем сказать что-то.
since
с тех пор, как
I have not heard from him since he
moved to Moscow. – Я не получал
от него известий с тех пор, как он
переехал в Москву.
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till/until
до тех пор,
пока
Keep reading until I stop you! –
Продолжай читать до тех пор,
пока я не остановлю тебя!
when
когда
Sandra met her husband when she
was 23. – Сандра познакомилась со
своим будущим мужем, когда ей
было 23.
while
пока; в то
время, как
He cooked breakfast while I was
sleeping. – Он приготовил
завтрак, пока я спала.
3. Союзы причины (Conjunctions of Cause)
as
так как
As the weather was fine, we decided
to go for a walk. – Так как погода
была прекрасная, мы решили
пойти погулять.
because
потому, что
I can’t do it because I am busy. - Я
не могу сделать это потому, что
я занят.
because of
из-за
I am late because of traffic jams. – Я
опоздал из-за пробок.
since
так как;
поскольку
We cannot sign the contract since
the documents are not ready. – Мы
не можем подписать контракт,
поскольку документы не готовы.
4. Союзы цели (Conjunctions of Purpose)
in order that/so
that
чтобы; для
того, чтобы;
так, чтобы
You must work hard in order to
succeed. – Вы должны усердно
трудиться, чтобы преуспеть.
lest
чтобы не
He wears warm clothes lest he
should catch a cold. – Он тепло
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