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Файл:English Grammar step III Грамматика английского языка шаг III. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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91
4. We ________ (eat) dinner when the doorbell rang.
5. He ________ (visit) his grandparents next weekend.
6. I ________ (not see) him since last year.
7. She ________ (work) on this project for several months.
8. They ________ (play) football when they heard the news.
9. We ________ (travel) to Italy next month.
10. He ________ (read) that book three times.
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EXPRESSING PRESENT
1. Present Simple (V(s))
• General facts, things that are always true
The sun rises in the east.
• Routines, habits, repeated and regular actions
My little brother goes to school every day.
• Permanent situations
My parents live in St. Petersburg.
• States (with stative verbs)
Do you believe that ghosts exist?
• Series of events: instructions, running commentaries, telling dynamic stories
of jokes, etc.
Watch how you do this: first, you press this button, then you click the icon here…
…Romero passes to Lionel Messi, Messi rushes ahead, he shoots –and it’s a goal!
He comes a joke for you. A horse walks into the bar and the bartender asks: ”Hey,
why so long face?”.
• Verbs =actions (with performative verbs)
I arrest you for burglary. You have the right to remain silent… (= arrest)
I name this ship “Victoria”. (= give a name)
I accept your offer and agree to sign the contract (= take the offer)
2. Present Continuous (am/is/are V-ing)
• Particular events happening at the moment of speaking or around it
Just a moment! I am coming!
The police is questioning the witnesses to find the bank robbers.
• Temporary situations
No, thank you, I am not drinking alcohol. I am taking driving lessons.
• Describing what you see (e.g., pictures, photos, etc.)
The man at the back is sitting by the fireplace and reading a book. He is wearing…
• Changes in progress, developments, trends
The cost of living is rising year by year.
• Complaints and criticism
My husband is continually leaving his clothes everywhere around the house!
What a mess!
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Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous are technically
categorized as past tenses by grammarians, but for foreign speakers it is easier
to understand them as the tenses connecting the past with the present.
3. Present Perfect Simple (have/has V-ed/V3)
• Life experiences
I have never done any extreme sports.
• Unfinished events that started in the past and are still on, or happen in a
period of time up to now.
My family has always lived in this small and quiet town.
I have studied hard for years.
• Finished events connected with the present (we can see the result, or the
events influence the present)
Who has broken my favourite vase?!
I have broken my leg, so I can’t join you, sorry.
4. Present Perfect Continuous (have/has been V-ing)
• Unfinished events that started in the past and are still in progress, with the
focus on duration.
It had been raining since last Sunday! I am sick and tired of bad weather!
• Repeated actions without saying how often they happen
I’ve been practicing a lot of yoga recently.
Compare
Present
Simple
Present
Continuous
Present Perfect
Simple
Present Perfect
Continuous
Mortgage rates
typically fall in
favorable
economic
conditions.
Come on, let’s have a
mortgage now, while
the rates are falling!
The mortgage rates
have fallen, so now I
can finally afford a
flat of my own!
The mortgage rates
have been falling for
a longer period than
ever before in the
country's history.
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PRACTICE
I.Open the brackets and use the verbs in the correct forms.
1. Every morning, Sarah __________ (take) a walk in the park.
2. Right now, they __________ (watch) a movie at the cinema.
3. I __________ (not/finish) my homework yet; I will do it later.
4. My brother __________ (play) soccer with his friends every weekend.
5. She __________ (study) French for three years and loves it.
6. It __________ (rain) a lot this week; I hope the sun comes out soon!
7. We usually __________ (eat) dinner at 7 p.m. on weekdays.
8. Have you ever __________ (visit) a country in Asia?
9. He __________ (read) a fascinating book about history at the moment.
10. They __________ (be) friends since childhood and still meet every month.
11. I __________ (live) in this city for ten years now.
12. She __________ (not/enjoy) her new job lately; it's quite stressful.
13. The train __________ (leave) at 6:30 a.m. every day.
14. Look! The children __________ (play) in the garden.
15. He __________ (never/see) the ocean before his trip last summer.
16. My sister __________ (work) on her project since last week.
17. They usually __________ (go) to the gym in the evenings.
18. Right now, I __________ (try) to focus on my studies.
19. We __________ (not/decide) on a restaurant yet for tonight.
20. Have you __________ (hear) the news about the concert?
II.Find an error in each sentence and correct them.
1. She is playing the piano beautifully.
2. They watch a documentary about wildlife.
3. I have traveled to Paris last year.
4. We have been studying for the exam all week.
5. He is running every morning to stay fit.
6. The weather changes a lot this year.
7. She has often helped her parents with gardening.
8. I do not eat sweets anymore because I want to be healthy.
9. They have been living in this neighborhood since 2010.
10. Look! The dog chases a squirrel in the park.
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III. Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete each sentence.
1. My parents __________ in Italy for five years now.
a) live
b) are living
c) have lived
d) lives
2. Right now, she __________ a really interesting book.
IV. reads
a) is reading
b) has read
c) read
3. They __________ to the gym every Saturday.
a) go
b) are going
c) have gone
d) have been going
4. I __________ my keys; I can’t find them anywhere!
a) have been losing
b) have lost
c) lose
d) am losing
5. He __________ a new hobby lately; he started painting.
a) finds
b) is finding
c) has found
d) found
6. The kids __________ in the backyard right now.
a) play
b) are playing
c) have played
d) have been playing
7. She usually __________ coffee in the morning.
a) drinks
b) is drinking
c) has drunk
d) was drinking
8. We __________ on our project since last month, and we are almost done.
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a) work
b) are working
c) have worked
d) have been working
9. Be careful! First, you _______ the ingredients, and then you put them in the
oven.
a) mix
b) are mixing
c) have mixed
d) were mixing
10. "I _______to you that I am innocent!", the man said to the judge.
a) declare
b) am declaring
c) have declared
d) have been declaring
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EXPRESSING PAST
1. Past Simple (V-ed/V2)
• Single actions in the past.
I started the car and ran away.
• Finished events in the past which have definite time
I graduated from university 2 years ago.
• Past routines and habits, repeated and regular actions (usually with a time
expression)
My grandma got up early and cooked breakfast for my grandpa who worked at
the farm.
• Point where the main action (in Past Continuous) is broken
I was finishing my essay when the laptop screen suddenly froze.
• Narratives and storytelling
Once upon a time there lived a young and beautiful princess who never smiled.
• Sequences of events in chronological order
She looked up, gave him a happy smile and said, “Yes!”
• Precise details.
You’ve had your tooth out?! Poor you! When did it happen? Did it hurt much?
Was the dentist accurate?
2. Past Continuous (was/were V-ing)
• An activity in progress at a particular time in the past or around it
Give the tablet back! I was playing a videogame!
What were you doing at 3:30 yesterday, when the robbers broke into the bank?
• Temporary situations in the past
As a first-year student, I was working for peanuts and earning just enough to
make ends meet.
• Interrupted actions in the past
I was sleeping happily in my bed when there was a loud bang at the door.
• Setting a scene in a story; giving a background for the main events
It was getting dark slowly, and the dogs were howling outside.
Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous are technically
categorized as past tenses by grammarians, but for foreign speakers it is easier
to understand them as the tenses connecting the past with the present.
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3. Present Perfect Simple (have/has V-ed/V3)
• Finished events when time is not specified
I have texted you. Where have you been?
• Events that have just finished.
Give me a moment’ I’ve just woken up and can’t think straight.
4. Past Perfect Simple (had V-ed/V3) - Events that happened before other
events in the past, to avoid confusion about their order.
Emilio emigrated when he was 40. Although he had worked as a doctor, he had
to retrain.
5. Past Perfect Continuous (have/has been V-ing) - Long events of situation
that finished by certain moment in the past.
I got promoted last month. I had been working long and hard to get this post!
6. Used to - Habits and states in the past, especially when contrasted with the
present, when time is not specified.
I used to smoke a lot, but now I don’t. I didn’t use to do any sports, which was
silly of me.
7. Would - Habitual activity (but not states!) in the past
Summers in the countryside were beautiful: we would get up early, drink milk
and go fishing. We would swim, we would make campfires…
Compare
Past
Simple
Past
Continuous
Present
Perfect
Simple
Past Perfect
Simple
Past
Perfect
Continuous
Used to
I had an
operation
5 years
ago. I am
okey
now.
I was having
an operation
when the light
blinked and
went out.
I’ve just had
an
operation,
so I can’t
lift heavy
things.
I had had an
operation
before it was
too late.
I had been
having lots of
operation in
my childhood
before I
turned 16 and
grew
stronger.
I used to
have lots of
operations
every day.
Thank God
I don’t work
as a doctor
anymore!
99
PRACTICE
I.Open the brackets and use the verbs in the correct forms.
1. While I ________ (walk) home last night, I ________ (see) a shooting star.
2. By the time the police ________ (arrive), the thieves ________ (already
disappear).
3. She ________ (live) in Paris for five years before she ________ (move) to
London.
4. I ________ (not understand) the movie because I ________ (not read) the
book.
5. We ________ (be) exhausted because we ________ (work) all day.
6. He ________ (study) English for two years when he ________ (decide) to
travel to England.
7. When I ________ (open) the door, I ________ (realize) that someone
________ (break) in.
8. They ________ (just finish) dinner when the phone ________ (ring).
9. I ________ (use to) play the piano when I was younger, but I ________
(stop) when I ________ (start) university.
10. Every summer, we ________ (go) to the beach and ________ (build)
sandcastles.
11. Yesterday, I ______ (go) to the park with my dog. It ______ (rain) quite
heavily, but we ______ (have) a lovely time anyway.
12. While I ______ (study) for my exam, my phone ______ (ring) incessantly.
13. The children ______ (play) hide-and-seek in the garden when suddenly it
______ (start) to rain.
14. My grandmother ______ (live) in a small village, where she ______ (work)
on the farm all her life.
15. Last week, I ______ (visit) my cousins in the countryside. We ______ (go)
for a long walk in the woods.
16. She ______ (finish) her homework before she ______ (go) to bed.
17. At 8 pm last night, the team ______ (play) a crucial match in the
championship.
18. By the time the police ______ (arrive), the thief ______ (escape).
19. The cat ______ (sleep) peacefully on the mat when the doorbell ______
(ring).
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20. My uncle ______ (work) as a carpenter for 20 years before he ______
(become) a farmer.
II.Find an error in each sentence and correct them.
1. The city would be calm and green. Those were the days!
2. She has been living in Spain since three years.
3. When I was a child, I would play in the park every day.
4. By the time we arrived at the cinema, the movie already started.
5. I used to go to the gym regularly, but now I am too busy.
6. He has graduated from university last year.
7. While she was cooking dinner, the doorbell was ringing.
8. I have been knowing her for a long time.
9. They were walking home when they saw a strange animal.
10. We used to went on holiday to Italy every summer.
III.Choose the best option (A, B, C or D) to complete each sentence.
1. I _______ my homework when my friend called.
a) did
b) was doing
c) have done
d) had done
2. She _______ to the cinema three times this month.
a) went
b) has gone
c) was going
d) had gone
3. They _______ married for ten years before they had children.
a) were
b) have been
c) had been
d) are
4. When I was younger, I _______ play the guitar.
a) used to
b) would
c) was
d) have
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