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Файл:English for civil engineers. Учебное пособие
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Министерство образования и науки Астраханской области
Государственное автономное образовательное учреждение
Астраханской области высшего профессионального образования
«Астраханский инженерно-строительный институт»
English for civil engineers
Учебное пособие
Астрахань
2014
1
УДК 811
ББК 81.2 Англ.
И59
Рекомендовано к печати редакционно-издательским советом
Астраханского инженерно-строительного института
Рецензенты:
Колоколова Н. М., кандидат филологических наук,
доцент кафедры лингвистики и межкультурной коммуникации
Астраханского государственного университета;
Багринцева О. В., кандидат филологических наук, доцент,
заведующая кафедрой английского языка и технического перевода
Астраханского государственного университета
English for civil engineers [Текст] : учебное пособие / сост. М. А. Си-
моненко. – Астрахань : Астраханский инженерно-строительный институт,
2014. – 94 [2] с.
Учебное пособие рекомендовано для студентов строительных специальностей.
Цель пособия – формирование навыков чтения, говорения и письма с учетом специфики профессионального контекста.
ISBN 978-5-93026-030-4
© ГАОУ АО ВПО «Астраханский инженерностроительный институт», 2014
© М. А. Симоненко, составление, 2014
© , оформление обложки, 20…
2
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие ............................................................................................................................. 4
UNIT I ............................................................................................................................................ 5
UNIT II ........................................................................................................................................ 16
UNIT III ...................................................................................................................................... 29
UNIT IV ...................................................................................................................................... 39
UNIT V ........................................................................................................................................ 51
UNIT VI ...................................................................................................................................... 63
APPENDIX I .............................................................................................................................. 82
APPENDIX II............................................................................................................................. 87
APPENDIX III ........................................................................................................................... 91
Список литературы ........................................................................................................... 92
3
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Учебное пособие включает шесть уроков (юнитов) и рассчитано
на 36 аудиторных часов, то есть на каждый юнит отводится по шесть часов. Тематика уроков выстроена с учетом специфики строительного вуза,
также во внимание были приняты интересы студенческой аудитории,
которой и адресовано данное пособие. Отдельные темы, например «Гражданское строительство как особая профессиональная область», «Высшее образование в строительной сфере», «Части здания и их функции»,
могут изучаться на разных отделениях строительного вуза, поскольку
содержат общие сведения о профессии инженера-строителя и об устройстве здания. Темы «Структура и функционирование системы водоснабжения», «Система водоотведения», «Строительные инструменты» можно
отнести к числу узкопрофессиональных.
Все юниты имеют единую структуру. В первом разделе дается
главный текст урока, вводится основная лексика, которая впоследствии
закрепляется в заданиях юнита. Затем дается текст той же проблематики, но представляющий ее в другом ракурсе. Работа над текстовым материалом предусматривает задания на понимание содержания, на закрепление новой лексики, на формирование навыков технического перевода и навыков говорения. Второй раздел включает лексические задания, охватывающие разные пласты английской лексики, как правило,
вызывающие особые затруднения у изучающих английский язык, – это
фразовые глаголы, предлоги, числительные. Большое внимание уделяется освоению профессиональной терминологии. В третий раздел включены темы по грамматике английского языка: «Времена английского
глагола», «Косвенная речь», «Страдательный залог», «Причастие I
/ Причастие II», «Герундий», «Инфинитив». Четвертый, завершающий
раздел – «Говорение» или «Письмо» – нацелен на формирование практических навыков составления резюме и сопроводительных писем, проведения собеседования при устройстве на работу, составления и проведения презентаций на английском языке. В учебное пособие включено
три приложения. Первое содержит таблицы по грамматике, второе
и третье – материалы для перевода с листа.
В данном пособии использован наиболее эффективный подход
к изучению иностранного языка, учитывающий достижения в области
психологии речи и психолингвистики, проблематика которых входит
в круг научных интересов составителя пособия.
4
UNIT I
CIVIL ENGINEERING AS A SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL AREA –
PROFESSIONAL FOCUS: EDUCATION IN ENGINEERING FIELD –
VOCABULARY: PREPOSITIONS – GRAMMAR: ENGLISH TENSES
(REVISION) / WORD ORDER (REVISION) –
SPEAKING: CHOOSING A JOB
Pre-reading task
1. Work with a partner. In your own language, think of four words
to describe engineering. Compare your words with another pair and agree
on four words. How do you say these words in English? Write down four
English words to describe engineering.
2. Look up the following words in your dictionary and put down
the translation: solution, acquire, apply, implement, branch, deal with, mainten-
ance, distinguish, involve, site, draft, evaluate, supply (n), treatment, concerned
with, predict, flow, facility, pipeline, drainage, load, support, resist, stiffness.
Reading
Read the text quickly and pick up four words in the text that reflect
the essence of engineering, then compare these four words with the rest
of the group, agree on the four words and compare them with the first set
of words.
WHAT IS CIVIL ENGINEERING?
Almost everything we use in modern life is made by engineers. For example, if a manufacturer wants a faster car, a smaller personal stereo or a better pen, they will ask a design engineer to find a practical solution. Engineer-
ing is the discipline, art and profession of acquiring and applying technical,
scientific and mathematical knowledge to design and implement materials,
structures, machines, devices, systems or inventions. Engineers use theories
to produce practical answers.
Engineering is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub disciplines. Initially an engineer will be trained in a specific discipline,
but engineering may become multi-disciplined work in several areas. Historically the main Branches of Engineering are as follows: 1) aerospace engineering; 2) chemical engineering; 3) civil engineering; 4) electrical engineering;
5) mechanical engineering. Nowadays new branches are developing such
as Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, Nanotechnology, Molecular
engineering.
5
Civil engineering deals with the design, construction and maintenance
of the physically and naturally built environment, such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline
after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.
Construction engineering involves planning and execution of the designs
such as transportation, site development, hydraulic, environmental, structural
and geotechnical networks. Many construction engineers take on a role that
is business-like: drafting and reviewing contracts, evaluating logistical operations, and closely-monitoring prices of necessary supplies.
Environmental engineering deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, waste, the purification of water and air. Environmental engineering also
deals with gathering of information on environmental problems and assisting
society and policy makers in decision making processes.
Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water. Water resource engineers analyze and model areas of the
earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through,
or out of a facility. This area of civil engineering deals with the design of pipelines, water distribution systems, drainage facilities (including bridges, dams,
channels, storm sewers), and canals.
Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and
structural analysis of buildings, bridges, towers and other structures. This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and
stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads. It also involves
designing the structure to support and resist those loads. The loads can be
static, such as furniture or self-weight, or dynamic, such as wind, seismic,
crowd or vehicle loads. Design solutions will include strength, stiffness, and
stability of the structure. Other solutions include cost, constructability, safety
and aesthetics.
Comprehension check
I. Decide if these statements true (T) or false (F).
1. Engineering isn’t necessarily practical.
2. Civil engineering is considered to be the branch of engineering.
3. Civil engineering involves design and construction of different archi-
tectural devices.
4. Now civil engineering embraces both military and non-military con-
struction.
5. Construction engineering is concerned with planning and execution
of individual objects like bridges or buildings.
6. Water resource engineers plan and execute both outdoor and indoor
facilities.
6
7. Structural engineers analyze loads acting upon the structure and find
1) Аpply
; 2) design
; 3) implement
; 4) deal with
; 5) predict
; 6) draft
;
solutions to make structures strong and stable.
. Answer the questions.
1. What are everyday things that are made by engineers?
2. What are the main branches of engineering? Which of them refer
to civil engineering?
3. How did civil engineering emerge?
4. Why do construction engineers have to be good businessmen?
5. How does environmental engineering contribute to environmental
issues?
6. What does structural analysis mean?
7. What sorts of loads must be taken into consideration?
Vocabulary
Match the verb with a noun to make word combinations, each verb
can be used with several nouns.
7) evaluate; 8) gather;
a) data; b) contract; c) reform; d) case; e) crowd; f) speech; g) building;
h) problem; i) dress; j) rule; k) method; l) project; m) destiny; n) plan;
o) people; p) action; q) information.
Now make up your own sentences with these word combinations.
Speaking
Make use of the ideas from the text to speak about your future profession. Here are some prompts.
My future profession is… I’ve chosen engineering as I think this area is…
The branch that interests me much is… It deals with… Since my third year
at the Institute I will specialize in… This area is concerned with… My future profession requires profound knowledge in related branches of engineering such as…
7
PROFESSIONAL FOCUS
EDUCATION IN ENGINEERING FIELD
Reading
Skim the text and find out about system of education in engineering
sphere.
1. Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree with a major in civil
engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually four or five years
and the completed degree is usually designated as a Bachelor of Engineering. The
degree generally includes units covering physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil engineering. Students then choose
to specialize in one or more sub-disciplines towards the end of the degree.
2. In most countries a Bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first
step towards professional certification. The engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience and exam requirements) before being
certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated the title of Professional Engi-
neer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), Chartered Engineer (in most
Commonwealth countries), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and
New Zealand), or European Engineer (in much of the European Union). In Ger-
many and some other European and Latin American countries, the term Diploma
Engineer means that the person has completed typically one more year of academic work beyond the basic engineering Bachelor's degree. Diploma Engineer
is therefore a university degree, and not a professional registration or license.
There are international engineering agreements between professional bodies
which are designed to allow engineers to practice across international borders.
3. The advantages of certification vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may prepare,
sign and seal engineering plans and drawings, or seal engineering work for
public and private clients." Practically all certifying bodies play an important
role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession. Engineers are subject
to contract law. In cases where an engineer's work fails, he or she may be subject to the tort of negligence. An engineer must also comply with numerous
other rules and regulations such as building codes and legislation pertaining
to environmental law.
4. Most engineering graduates start with jobs of low responsibility, and
as they prove their competence, they are given more and more responsible
tasks. In some firms entry-level engineers are put to work primarily monitoring construction in the field, serving as the "eyes and ears" of more senior design engineers; while in other areas, entry-level engineers end up performing
the more routine tasks of analysis or design and interpretation. More senior
engineers can move into doing more complex analysis or design work,
8
or management of more complex design projects, or management of other engineers, or into specialized consulting, including forensic engineering.
Comprehension check
I. Read again and match the heading with the paragraph (1–4). One
heading is the odd one out.
A. The importance of certification for professional engineers ____.
B. Entering on a career ____.
C. The basic engineering degree ____.
D. The advantages of the job ____.
E. Further education ____.
Vocabulary
I. Read the text once more and work out the meaning of the words
and phrases.
Academic degree ____________________
Bachelor _____________________________
project management _______________
specialize (in) _______________________
sub-disciplines ______________________
certification ________________________
exam requirements ________________
certify _______________________________
registration _________________________
license ______________________________
international engineering
agreements _________________________
professional body __________________
location _____________________________
practice _____________________________
private clients ______________________
ethical standards __________________
contract law _______________________
regulations _________________________
building code _______________________
legislation __________________________
(engineering) graduates ___________
prove competence __________________
entry-level __________________________
monitor construction _______________
serve as the "eyes and ears"
_______________________________________
routine tasks ________________________
9
II. Match the word in A with its definition in B:
A
1) possess;
2) major in;
3) towards;
4) satisfy
requirements;
5) designate;
6) complete;
7) beyond;
8) border;
9) vary;
10) seal
B
a) in the
direction;
b) to have;
to own;
c) to finish;
d) to be different;
e) the dividing line
between
regions;
f) to fulfill
the desires
or needs;
g) specialize
(in);
h) besides;
i) to give
a name
or a title;
j) to stamp
with a seal
to authorize
documents
A
11) maintain;
12) fail;
13) tort;
14) negligence;
15) comply
with;
16) low;
17) responsibility;
18) senior;
19) end up
20) pertain;
21) be subject
to;
22) agreement;
23) graduate
B
k) higher
in rank, social
status;
l) to be charged
with a crime or
a wrong deed;
m)wrong action
(against civil
law);
n) state of hav-
ing control and
being able to
make decisions;
o) to become
eventually;
p) keep, sup-
port;
q) to have
to act according
to rules;
r) belong to;
s) not tall or
high;
t) to do smth.
wrong;
u) pact; docu-
ment;
v) a university
leaver;
w) irresponsibil-
ity as illegal act
III. Paraphrase the underlined sentences, then translate them into
Russian.
Speaking
Compare the systems of higher education in Russia and in other
countries (the USA and Europe).
10
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