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Файл:English for civil engineers. Учебное пособие
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Interviewer: 6___________________________________________________?
Pr. Luthy: All sorts of, from university establishments to the National
Research Council.
Interviewer: Pr. Luthy, now the final question. 7_________________________?
Pr. Luthy: $50 million minimum for engineering analysis and scientific
developments.
Interviewer: Thank you for the interview. I hope the programme will
really work.
Take different roles and act out the interview.
VOCABULARY: PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY
I. Match a term and its definition.
1) contaminate
2) treat
3) screen
4) store
5) raw
6) chemical agent
7) conduit
8) robust
a) to keep, accumulate for future use
b) to make impure by touching or mixing; pollute
c) strong in constitution; sturdily built
d) to clean, purify; opposite to contaminate
e) not treated by manufacturing or other processes
f) to sieve or sort in order to get rid of rather big
particles of rubbish
g) a substance or organism that exerts some force or
effect
h) a pipe or channel for carrying water
II. Fill in the gaps with the proper term from ex. I.
1. Imperfect metals are _____________ with terrestrial feculence.
2. A __________ (untreated) water is found in a natural reservoir such
as a lake, a river.
3. Has this water been _______________? – Yes, but I think it needs more pu-
rification.
4. How much energy can this battery______________?
5. Be careful! This _____________ is very poisonous.
6. We can transfer water through that old ________________.
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7. The first step in purifying surface water is to _____________ it before
other purification steps.
8. This ____________ plastic can be used for the frame.
GRAMMAR: THE INFINITIVE
Presentation
I. Find the Infinitive in the following sentences and state its form.
1. To avoid contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must
be made from appropriate materials.
2. We were sorry to have done such a terrible thing.
3. He must be answering the questions.
4. The needs are too great to do otherwise.
5. The interviewer made me answer some unpleasant questions.
6. Who let you call me Tommy?
II Study the examples from the texts above: may help, should think,
could deal, must pump. What form does the Infinitive have in these combinations? Is it a form with particle “to” or without? When do we omit “to”
before the Infinitive? Now study these examples: step to remove, invite
to discuss, offer to reuse, opportunity to discuss. How did the form of the
Infinitive change?
III. State the syntactical functions of the Infinitive in sentences 1–6
in ex I. Translate the sentences into Russian, pay special attention
to the Infinitive.
Complete the rule!
Неличная форма глагола, представленная в предложениях 1–6
(to avoid, to have done, be answering, to do, answer, call), называется инфинитивом. Инфинитив – это словарная форма глагола. В словосочетаниях и предложениях инфинитив употребляется с частицей _____ или без
нее. В предложении герундий может выполнять функции _____________
(sentence 1), _____________ (sentence 2), ______________ (sentence 3), ______________
(sentence 4), _________________ (sentences 5, 6).
72
Study the forms of the Infinitive and its functions in the sentence.
Формы инфинитива
Active Passive
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous
to write
to be writing
to have written
to have been writing
be written
–
have been written
–
Функции
инфинитива
Подлежащее To discuss this ques-
Прямое дополнение
Определение
(после существительного)
Обстоятельство
причин)
Обстоятельство
результата
(со словами “too”
и “enough”)
Часть сказуемого Water must be di-
Пример Перевод
Обсуждать этот во-
tion was useless
I want to focus your
attention on this problem
The question to be dis-
cussed is of great importance
To minimize contamination we must undertake serious measures.
He was too busy to see
anyone
rected into pipes.
The first step is to re-
move large debris
прос было бесполезно
Я хочу обратить ваше
внимание на эту
проблему
Вопрос, подлежащий
обсуждению, представляет чрезвычайную
важность
Чтобы снизить
уровень загрязнения,
мы должны предпринять серьезные меры.
Он был слишком занят,
чтобы кого-либо
видеть
Вода должна достав-
ляться по трубам.
Первый шаг – удалить
крупный мусор
73
Глаголы, после которых инфинитив
употребляется без частицы “to”
1. Вспомогательные глаголы (do, does, did).
2. Глаголы “let” (позволять) и “make” (заставлять).
3. Глаголы чувственного восприятия (see, hear, feel, watch, notice).
4. Модальные глаголы (can, may, must, should, will).
Grammar tip! Иногда сложно определить, когда следует упот-
реблять герундий, а когда инфинитив (see table 6 in the Appendix).
Practice
I. Translate the sentences that contain the Infinitive.
1. They were happy to take part in our expedition.
2. She wanted to be answered at once.
3. He was happy to be working with the famous scientist.
4. It’s very difficult to drive a car in a big city.
5. Water may be used to drive dynamos which generate electricity.
6. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings.
7. The workers will use powerful machinery to assemble these huge
units.
8. The new channel to be constructed here will be the longest
in the country,
9. The new branches of industry are to be developed in this section
of engineering.
10. Another reason to consider is the absence of necessary facilities
for the experiment.
11. The problem to be discussed is connected with the city water
supply system.
12. This method is not good enough to be used everywhere.
13. The road surface to be repaired was destroyed many years ago
by heavy vehicles.
14. Goods to be transported to the north are stored at the railway
station.
15. This electronic machine can carry out several thousand arithmetic
operations per second.
II. Change the structure of the sentences so as to keep their meaning unchanged.
e.g. The substance that should be analyzed is of great value. – The
substance to be analyzed is of great value.
1. The equipment that should be installed in the workshop has specif-
ic use.
2. The petrol that should be delivered from the petrol tank should be
clean.
74
3. The new battery that should be used in the car is very effective.
4. The new car devices that should be developed have several advan-
tages.
5. The car emissions that should be controlled are very harmful to the
environment.
6. The automobile that should be developed will run on hydrogen.
III. Put the verbs in brackets into correct form.
1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. If you want us (make)
the project quickly you should let us (start) at once. 3. I heard the door
(open) and saw my friend (come) into the room. 4. Her father made her
(learn) this by heart. 5. They won’t let us (leave) the conference hall till we
have come to the agreement. 6. Would you like me (talk) to Mr. Smith? 7. He
wouldn’t let the students (have) an upper hand. 8. I’d like him (enter) university but I can’t make him (do) it. 9. He made us (wait) for two hours.
10. I want you (check) the report in my presence. 11. The teacher advised
us (use) our dictionaries. 12. Please let me (know) the results of your exams
as soon as possible. 13. I heard somebody (type) in the study. 14. I saw him
(go) out of the building. 15. We expect our company (win) the tender.
IV. Put in the correct form of a verb (the Infinitive or the -ing form).
1. My boss has a passion for (make) model planes.
2. I regret (tell) you about my problem.
3. He’s learning (cook).
4. Do you really need (work) tonight?
5. He’s fed up with (drive) his old car.
6. She couldn’t live without (see) him every day.
7. Did you remember (let) the cat out last night?
8. They stopped (put) the tent up.
9. Mike really dislikes (dance).
10. Bob asked (show) him into a room where he could change his
clothes.
THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
(Конструкции с инфинитивом)
THE COMPLEX OBJECT
Инфинитивный оборот THE COMPLEX OBJECT состоит из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже
и инфинитива. Чаще всего на русский язык такие конструкции переводятся придаточным дополнительным предложением.
SUBJECT + PREDICATE + NOUN (PRONOUN) + INFINITIVE
75
E.g. I want the teacher (her) to help me. (Я хочу, чтобы учитель
мне помог.)
They expect the project to be started in June. (Они ожидают, что
проект будет запущен в июне.)
Инфинитивный оборот the Complex Object используется после глаголов, обозначающих:
1) умственную деятельность: know, think, believe, expect, find, sup-
pose;
2) желание: want, wish, desire, mean, choose (=want);
3) чувства и эмоции: like, dislike, hate;
4) приказание или разрешение: order, allow, ask for, command, en-
courage;
5) чувственное восприятие: hear, see, watch, feel.
E.g. I knew them to be right. (Я знал, что они правы.)
Tell me what you would like me to do. (Скажи, что бы ты хотела,
чтобы я сделал.)
He asked for the e-mail to be sent at once. (Он просил, чтобы эл.
письмо было немедленно отправлено.)
I saw the students to enter the auditorium. (Я видел, как студенты
вошли в аудиторию.)
THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
(Конструкции с инфинитивом)
THE COMPLEX SUBJECT
Инфинитивный оборот THE COMPLEX SUBJECT состоит из существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и инфинитива. Инфинитив в этом случае является подлежащим предложения.
На русский язык такие конструкции переводятся чаще всего придаточными предложениями.
NOUN (PRONOUN) + PREDICATE + INFINITIVE (SUBJECT)
E.g. Laser is known to be used in medicine. (Известно, что лазер
используется в медицине.)
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Инфинитивный оборот the Complex Subject используется после глаголов, обозначающих:
1) чувственное восприятие (в страдательном залоге): see, hear,
notice;
2) умственную деятельность (в страдательном залоге): think,
consider, believe, expect, suppose, know;
3) глаголов (в страдательном/активном залоге): say, report, order,
ask, allow, state, announce, appear, turn out, prove, happen;
4) словосочетаний: be likely, be unlikely, be certain, be sure.
E.g. She was heard to speak too loudly. (Слышно было, как она
громко говорила.)
The delegation is reported to have left Moscow. (Сообщается, что
делегация уже покинула Москву.)
He is unlikely to know the details of the project. (Маловероятно, что
он знает детали проекта.)
The experiment proved to be a success. (Опыт оказался удачным.)
Practice
I. Translate the sentences, paying special attention to the use
of the Complex Object.
1. Did you feel the bridge shake?
2. I don’t like you to say such things.
3. Hurry up! I don’t want you to miss the bus.
4. Nobody said anything, we just watched him put the things away.
5. Tell him to see us tomorrow morning, will you?
6. After classes he asked me to accompany him home.
7. Did she ask you to sign any papers?
8. The chief engineer advised us to focus on work.
9. There’s no harm in letting you know.
10. I understood you to say that you had received an important
message.
II. Translate the sentences, paying special attention to the use
of the Complex Subject.
1. The river is supposed to flow in this direction.
2. His work for the company is said to have been unsatisfactory.
3. You are expected to know these things.
4. The situation seems to have become difficult.
5. He is said to have owned a small factory.
6. He was told to have organized the whole business.
7. She seems to have done it perfectly well.
77
sition.
8. You’re not supposed to be in charge of the project.
9. This doesn’t seem to be the right decision.
10. The presentation was reported to be held at the conference hall.
THE VERBALS
REVISION
I. Find the correct variant to fill in the gap:
1. The function of this device is ____________.
a) measure the quality of drinking water;
b) must be used in engineering;
c) to purify ground water;
d) for maintaining healthy conditions in the building.
2. The projects of _________ waste-to-energy plants cause strong oppo-
a) constructing;
b) constructed;
c) having constructed;
d) being constructed.
3. You can improve your work efficiently by _______ modern technologies.
a) applying;
b) having applied;
c) applied;
d) been applied.
4. Robots are supposed ________ people’s work.
a) to facilitate;
b) facilitate;
c) facilitating;
d) be facilitated.
5. We would like you _________ us how this device works.
a) to show;
b) show;
c) showing;
d) showed.
6. Instead of __________ the old air-filter they replaced it with a new one.
a) cleaning;
b) cleaned;
c) being cleaned;
d) having cleaned.
78
7. They improved the results of the first experiment by _________ fur-
ther research.
a) doing;
b) done;
c) did;
d) to do.
8. The thermostat is used _________ the flow of water to the radiator.
a) to prevent;
b) prevent;
c) preventing;
d) prevention.
9. It is impossible ___________ gas in an open tank.
a) store;
b) to store;
c) storing;
d) stored.
10. It is hardly possible to carry out underwater welding without
_________ robots.
a) to use;
b) used;
c) use;
d) using.
II. Combine two sentences into one:
1. The engineer studied the properties of the alloy. He made a report.
a) Studied the properties of the alloy the engineer made a report.
b) Studying the properties of the alloy the engineer made a report.
c) Having studied the properties of the alloy the engineer made
a report.
d) Being studied the properties of the alloy the engineer made
a report.
2. The professor delivered a lecture on Geodesy. He mentioned new
facts.
a) The delivering professor lectured on Geodesy and mentioned new
facts.
b) The professor delivering a lecture on Geodesy mentioned interesting facts.
c) The professor mentioned interesting facts delivered a lecture on
Geodesy.
d) Having delivered a lecture on Geodesy the professor mentioned
new facts.
79
3. Her works are translated into many foreign languages. Her works
are read all over the world.
a) Translated into many foreign languages, her works are read all
over the world.
b) Translating into many foreign languages, her works are read all
over the world.
c) Being translated into many foreign languages, her works are read
all over the world.
d) Having translated into many foreign languages, her works are
read all over the world.
4. The equipment was delivered yesterday. The equipment has been
just installed.
a) The equipment delivering yesterday has been just installed.
b) The equipment delivered yesterday has been just installed.
c) Yesterday the delivered equipment has been just installed;
d) The equipment been delivered yesterday has just been installed.
5. The engine is redesigned. The engine works better now.
a) Being redesigned the engine works better now;
b) Redesigned the engine works better now;
c) The engine was redesigned works better now;
d) Redesigning the engine works better now.
III. Read the text, find the examples of a Gerund, a Participle
and an Infinitive, translate the sentences containing these grammar
phenomena.
For hundreds of years men have built bridges over fast-flowing rivers.
Early man probably got the idea of making a bridge from a tree fallen across
a stream. From this, at a later stage, a bridge on a cantilever principle
(консольный мост) was evolved. Timber beams were driven into the earth
on each side of the river with their ends extending over the water. Bridges
of this type are still used in Japan and India. A simple bridge on the suspension principle (висячий мост) was made by early man by means of ropes.
Two parallel ropes suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river
with a platform of woven mats (плетеный настил) laid across them, made
a secure crossing (безопасная переправа).
WRITING
I. Read the e-mail and say what its subject is. What style is the
e-mail? Prove your ideas.
From: Jones@freeserve.com
To: Elal@Warsaw.ac.pol
Subject: Re: request for catalogue
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